Question

Students, you will create a Disease Diary. The Disease Diary will contain 3 entries.One entry for each of the following systems: Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory SystemInstructions and requirements for each entry (system): Name of disease & description a graphic (picture/illustration) of some aspect of the disease  causes & risk factors signs & symptoms diagnosis prevention prognosis treatment  How the disease affects the system? What was the most interesting part of the disease? What was something new you learned about the disease? Which aspect of the disease would you like to learn more about? Was there anything about the disease that confused you? If so, explain. You must use at least 10 bold terms from the chapter that pertains to your disease. Make sure those terms are in bold and underlined in each entry. For instance, if you are doing cellulitis, you would probably include the following bold terms from chapter 5 (integumentary system): epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, true skin, corium, integumentary, skin signs, anti-inflammatory agents. Please cite resources (at least 3) for each entry h

Answer 1

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1.Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease develops when the major blood vessels that supply your heart become damaged or diseased. Cholesterol-containing deposits (plaques) in your coronary arteries and inflammation are usually to blame for coronary artery disease.

The coronary arteries supply blood, oxygen and nutrients to your heart. A buildup of plaque can narrow these arteries, decreasing blood flow to your heart

Symptoms

· Chest pain (angina)

· Shortness of breath

· Heart attack.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease — such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, obesity a strong family history of heart disease — talk to your doctor. Doctor may want to test you for coronary artery disease, especially if you have signs or symptoms of narrowed arteries.

Causes

· Smoking

· High blood pressure

· High cholesterol

· Diabetes or insulin resistance

· Not being active (sedentary lifestyle)

Risk factors

:

• Age. Getting older increases your risk of damaged and narrowed arteries.
• Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However, the risk for women increases after menopause.
• Family history. A family history of heart disease is associated with a higher risk of coronary artery disease, especially if a close relative developed heart disease at an early age. Risk is highest if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before age 55 or if your mother or a sister developed it before age 65.
• Smoking. People who smoke have a significantly increased risk of heart disease. Breathing in secondhand smoke also increases a person's risk of coronary artery disease.
• High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can result in hardening and thickening of your arteries, narrowing the channel through which blood can flow.
• High blood cholesterol levels. High levels of cholesterol in your blood can increase the risk of formation of plaque and atherosclerosis. High cholesterol can be caused by a high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the "bad" cholesterol. A low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, known as the "good" cholesterol, can also contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease share similar risk factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.
• Overweight or obesity. Excess weight typically worsens other risk factors.
• Physical inactivity. Lack of exercise also is associated with coronary artery disease and some of its risk factors, as well.
• High stress. Unrelieved stress in your life may damage your arteries as well as worsen other risk factors for coronary artery disease.
• Unhealthy diet. Eating too much food that has high amounts of saturated fat, trans fat, salt and sugar can increase your risk of coronary artery disease.

Complications

Coronary artery disease can lead to:

· Chest pain (angina). When your coronary arteries narrow, your heart may not receive enough blood when demand is greatest — particularly during physical activity. This can cause chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath.

· Heart attack. If a cholesterol plaque ruptures and a blood clot forms, complete blockage of your heart artery may trigger a heart attack. The lack of blood flow to your heart may damage your heart muscle. The amount of damage depends in part on how quickly you receive treatment.

· Heart failure. If some areas of your heart are chronically deprived of oxygen and nutrients because of reduced blood flow, or if your heart has been damaged by a heart attack, your heart may become too weak to pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. This condition is known as heart failure.

· Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Inadequate blood supply to the heart or damage to heart tissue can interfere with your heart's electrical impulses, causing abnormal heart rhythms.

Prevention

• Quit smoking.
• Control conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
• Stay physically active.
• Eat a low-fat, low-salt diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.

Diagnosis

• Electrocardiogram (ECG).
• Echocardiogram
• Exercise stress test.
• Nuclear stress test.
• Cardiac catheterization and angiogram
• Cardiac CT scan

Treatment

Treatment for coronary artery disease usually involves lifestyle changes and, if necessary, drugs and certain medical procedures.

Drugs

Various drugs can be used to treat coronary artery disease, including:

· Cholesterol-modifying medications. These medications reduce (or modify) the primary material that deposits on the coronary arteries. As a result, cholesterol levels — especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or the "bad") cholesterol — decrease. Your doctor can choose from a range of medications, including statins, niacin, fibrates and bile acid sequestrants.

· Aspirin. Your doctor may recommend taking a daily aspirin or other blood thinner. This can reduce the tendency of your blood to clot, which may help prevent obstruction of your coronary arteries.

If you've had a heart attack, aspirin can help prevent future attacks. But aspirin can be dangerous if you have a bleeding disorder or you're already taking another blood thinner, so ask your doctor before taking it.

· Beta blockers. These drugs slow your heart rate and decrease your blood pressure, which decreases your heart's demand for oxygen. If you've had a heart attack, beta blockers reduce the risk of future attacks.

· Calcium channel blockers. These drugs may be used with beta blockers if beta blockers alone aren't effective or instead of beta blockers if you're not able to take them. These drugs can help improve symptoms of chest pain.

· Ranolazine. This medication may help people with chest pain (angina). It may be prescribed with a beta blocker or instead of a beta blocker if you can't take it.

· Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin tablets, sprays and patches can control chest pain by temporarily dilating your coronary arteries and reducing your heart's demand for blood.

· Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These similar drugs decrease blood pressure and may help prevent progression of coronary artery disease.

Procedures to restore and improve blood flow

Angioplasty and stent placement (percutaneous coronary revascularization)

Coronary artery bypass surgery

Alternative medicine

Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of unsaturated fatty acid that's thought to reduce inflammation throughout the body, a contributing factor to coronary artery disease. However, some studies haven't found a benefit. More research is needed.

• Fish and fish oil. Fish and fish oil are the most effective sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Fatty fish — such as salmon, herring and light canned tuna — contain the most omega-3 fatty acids and, therefore, the most benefit. Fish oil supplements may offer benefit, but the evidence is strongest for eating fish.
• Flax and flaxseed oil. Flax and flaxseed oil also contain beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, though studies have not found these sources to be as effective as fish. The shells on raw flaxseeds also contain soluble fiber, which can help with constipation. More research is needed to determine if flaxseed can help lower blood cholesterol.
• Other dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Other dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids include canola oil, soybeans and soybean oil. These foods contain smaller amounts of omega-3 fatty acids than do fish and fish oil, and evidence for their benefit to heart health isn't as strong.