Question

1. What foot traits and corresponding functions seen in other primates have we lost in our feet? Why would we have lost helpful features such as this?

2. Based on what we know of their physical and cultural traits, how were Neandertals adapted for their life in Ice Age Europe? Did early humans in Europe have these same adaptations? How might these adaptations relate to the extinction of the Neandertals and the continuation of humans? (Hint: Is is possible to be too specialized?)

3. List (below) these trends in order from oldest to most recent. Place a “1” next to the trend that occurred first (is the oldest) and number the remaining trends in order to the most recent (“5”).

*For each trend, also note which fossil species is first associated with the change.

_____ Increase in brain size

?Species first associated:

_____ Production and use of stone tools

?Species first associated:

_____ Adaptations for bipedalism

?Species first associated:

_____ Habitation (living) outside of Africa

?Species first associated:

_____ Clear evidence of symbolic behavior (“art,” elaborate burial, etc.)

?Species first associated:

**** Please type

Answer 1

answer to question 1: FOOT TRAITS PRESENT IN PRIMATES THAT WE HAVE LOST :

NAILS INSTEAD OF CLAWS: nails allow handling things and manipulating stuff more easily than claws .

BIG TOES vs SMALL TOES : primates had more big toes for the purpose of climbing and grasping things and even the mobility of theirbig toes is way more than our toe mobility , simply because , our feet are designed for simpling walking , that is why we have lost our ability to grasp things by our feet .

No doubt in the fact that these traits were really helpful traits to perform things like , grasping things , climbing on the trees and mountains for food and stuff , but we as modern bumans are much more civilized than these primates and do not have the need to climb on trees and jump on trees for food so no such strong grasping was required for us , so we were adapted and then evolved in the same way.

answer to question 2:

1.neandertals were shorter than modern humans in height .( if they would have had longer bodies ,more time to circulate the blood in the body , they would feel cold )

2. they were stockier , that is they had stocky limbs .

3. they had large noses , larger teeths , and larger jaws and had a robust built.

all of these features physically helped them survive the ice age .and their bodies helped store heat during harsh cold climates.

4. on the cultural adaptations part , they used to hunt large animals like mammoths with the tools made from bone , wood , stones.

5. the tools were made sharp edged from stones or wood , to hunt easily .

6.about their clothes -they used to wear bear skin coats .they usually used scrape animal skins for clothing , to save themselves from the cold environment .

7. to withstand the harsh cold environment , they used to live in caves , suggested by scientists.

NO, early humans in europe did not have the exactly same adaptations , they arived quite late , so whether were quite changed by then , so same adaptations had no real help to them .

NEANDERTALS AND HUMANS actually lived alongside in europe for several thousand years before neandertals just vanished mysteriously from Europe , but since the adaptations neandertals had were too specialised and after the climate change and ice age was passed , these adaptations might not be able to help them survive in the new era and they vanished leaving behind humans .

ANSWER TO QUESTION 3.:

3. increase in brain size was first seen in Homo habilis .

2. production and use of stone tools were first seen in Homo habillis

1. adaptation of biapedelism was first associated with Ardipithecus ramidus

4.habitation outside of africa was first observed in Homo erectus.

5. clear evidence of symbolic behaviour was first associated with  Homo sapiens.