Question

Use the Rescorla-Wagner model to explain the over expectation effect. Why is this effect counter-intuitive? How does the Rescorla-Wagner model predict it? Provide an original example (not in the book) of what it is, being sure to label your CSs, US, UR, and CR.

Answer 1

The Rescorla Wanger model is theory that has been built on the foundation of classical conditioning. It states that once the connection between the CS (conditioned stimulus) and US (unconditioned stimulus) has become extremely strong, it will lead to the loss of surprise element and will lead to a stronger predictive expectation outcome. But the problem lies herein, that is the association between the two is made extremely strong it can also lead to an over expectation effect, which is essentially assuming that a CS will always follow a US. This effect is counter intuitive as most of the times the relationship that is formed is not always corollary or bound to follow in a sequential manner, but is attributed that quality to do so - given few experiences.

For instance, a friend leaving (US) but sneezing before leaving (neutral stimulus which when combined with US becomes a conditioned stimulus, CS). The friend does this a couple of times. So, now, when the friend sneezes, one assumes that the friend is now ready to leave or is leaving.