Question

Answer these with at least 2 sentences each

a) How are the different senses integrated with the processes of perception to give meaning to the stimuli received from the environment?

b) What is the difference between the positive, the negative reinforcement and the punishment within the learning processes?

c) How does motivation direct and activate a person's behavior?

Answer 1

• b)Positive reinforcement works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.For example;A mother gives her son praise (reinforcing stimulus) for doing homework (behavior).
• Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.
• Negative reinforcement should not be thought of as a punishment procedure. With negative reinforcement, you are increasing a behavior, whereas with punishment, you are decreasing a behavior.For example;Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother’s nagging (aversive stimulus).
  
• When thinking about reinforcement, always remember that the end result is to try to increase the behavior, whereas punishment procedures are used to decrease behavior.
• Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior. Like reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment).
• Positive punishment works by presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future.For example;A child picks his nose during class (behavior) and the teacher reprimands him (aversive stimulus) in front of his classmates.
• Negative punishment happens when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future.For example;A child kicks a peer (behavior), and is removed from his/her favorite activity (reinforcing stimulus removed)
  
• Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation