Question

Please indicate whether the claim reported in the headline below is most likely to be normative (i.e., how things ought to be), descriptive (i.e., a snapshot of how the world is), or causal (i.e., independent variable has an effect on dependent variable).   

Survey shows that Trump voters were older, whiter, and less likely to live in urban areas than Clinton voters.

The United States government should guarantee a basic income to every citizen.

Higher levels of democracy are correlated with lower levels of corruption.

Mobilization phones calls increase voter turnout by 2 percentage points.

Public assistance programs make recipients no less likely to obtain work

Countries that sign human rights treaties are less likely to be accused of war crimes.

Teachers with subject matter degrees (e.g., biology, English, Spanish) are more effective in the classroom and lead students to perform better on standardized tests than teachers with education degrees only.

Because it the United States spends more than the next twelve highest spending countries combined, the US should spend less on the military.

Study shows that the cost to produce a penny exceeds its value; therefore, the United States ought to remove it from circulation.

Summertime signals a rise in ice cream sales and the murder rate – Is there a connection?

Answer 1

Survey shows that Trump voters were older, whiter, and less likely to live in urban areas than Clinton voters. It is the ,a snapshot of how the world is. Hence, statement is discriptive.

The United States government should guarantee a basic income to every citizen. It shows how things ought to be. Hence, statement is normative.

Higher levels of democracy are correlated with lower levels of corruption. In this statement independent variable has an effect on dependent variable. Hence, statement is causal.

Mobilization phones calls increase voter turnout by 2 percentage points. independent variable has an effect on dependent variable in this statement. Hence,statement is causal.

Public assistance programs make recipients no less likely to obtain work. This statement shows a snapshot of how the world is. Hence,statement is discriptive.

Countries that sign human rights treaties are less likely to be accused of war crimes. Statement is discriptive.

Teachers with subject matter degrees (e.g., biology, English, Spanish) are more effective in the classroom and lead students to perform better on standardized tests than teachers with education degrees only. Statement is descriptive.

Because it the United States spends more than the next twelve highest spending countries combined, the US should spend less on the military. Statement shows how things ought to be. Hence,statement is normative.

Study shows that the cost to produce a penny exceeds its value; therefore, the United States ought to remove it from circulation. Statement shows how things ought to be. Hence, statement is normative.

Summertime signals a rise in ice cream sales and the murder rate – Is there a connection? Statement is causal.