Question

Define the following terms in your own words.

Afterload
Preload
Cardiac output
Chronotropic
Conductivity
Irritability
Inotropic
Refractory period.
Dysrhythmia
Atherosclerosis

2. What is Angina Pectoris? (In your own words please)

Fill in the table below

What is Angina?
What causes it?
Describe the symptoms

3. Angina can be a recurring problem or a sudden, acute health concern. There are different types of angina. Fill in the table below.

Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal’s angina

4. Nitrate medications can be administered to patients by various routes. Fill in the table for each route.

Route	Advantages	Nursing Implications/Teaching
Sublingual/Spray
Transdermal
Intravenous
Oral Capsules
Topical Ointment

5. Name one medication that is contraindicated with nitrates. What effect does it have if given with a nitrate?

6. Name one medical condition that is contraindicated with nitrates. What effect does nitrates have on that particular medical condition?

7. How would you instruct a patient having an angina attack to take their sublingual nitro? Please list instructions in order.

8. How would you instruct a client on how to use their transdermal nitro?

9. How would you instruct a client on the storage of anti-angina medications?

10. Name a drug other than a nitrate that is used to treat angina?

Hypertension Medications

11. What is Hypertension?

12. What is Arterial Hypertension?

13. What is the relationship between hypertension and fluid volume?

14. Use the table below to describe the action of each class of blood pressure medications.

Class	Action
ACE Inhibitors
ARBS
CCB
Beta Blockers.

Answer the following critical thinking questions.

15. The nurse is preparing medication education for a patient who has been prescribed captopril (Capoten). Discuss the essential information that the patient should receive as part of this education.

Answer 1

Ans) 1) Afterload:

- Afterload is the pressure the heart must work against to eject blood during systole (ventricular contraction). Afterload is proportional to the average arterial pressure. As aortic and pulmonary pressures increase, the afterload increases on the left and right ventricles respectively.

- Resistance left ventricles must overcome to circulate blood

Preload:

In cardiac physiology, preload is the amount of sarcomere stretch experienced by cardiac muscle cells, called cardiomyocytes, at the end of ventricular filling during diastole. Preload is directly related to ventricular filling.

- Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diástole.

Cardiac output: The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute. The amount of blood put out by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction is called the stroke volume. The stroke volume and the heart rate determine the cardiac output.

Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it, such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate; negative chronotropes decrease heart rate.