Question

Transcription, translation and cell signaling within cells is controlled by many different mechanisms.

All of this information can be changed by any number of mutations. Name at least 3 types of mutations and how they could affect how proteins are made(explain all 3).

Please be specific and thorough as possible, I will give a thumb up if I like your answer. Thank you.

Answer 1

Mutations are sudden and heritable changes in the DNA sequence.

there are different kinds of mutations like frame-shift mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, silent mutation, etc.

Missense mutation: change in one nucleotide of the DNA sequence, that changes the codon to another codon, the new codon codes for another amino acid.

missense mutations can have deleterious effects, or no effects, if one amino acid at the active site of an enzyme is replaced with another amino acid with different properties it can abolish the function of the protein, but if one amino acid is replaced with another amino acid of similar property it may not affect the proteins, function, so the effect of missense mutation depends on its location and the properties of 2 amino acids.

Nonsense mutation: point mutation which changes the codon to a stop codon, so truncated proteins are produced due to nonsense mutation.

the non-sense mutation results in a truncated protein, if the mutation occurs at the beginning of the protein it abolishes the protein function, the severity of the non-sense mutation depends on the location if the mutation occurs at one amino acid before the last amino acid then it won`t affect the protein function much.

Frame-shift mutation: are due to insertion or deletion of nucleotides which are not in the multiples of three, it changes the reading frame from that point so the amino acid sequence from that point changes.

since the amino acid sequence from the point of mutation changes, frame-shift mutation abolishes protein function.