Question

Ladder diagram image of the full solution before simulation is started.
 Testing scenarios with images. Here you will show pictures of the LOGO program
during simulation of a particular scenario. Write an explanation for each step of
the scenario showing why such input sequence causes the output sequence
shown. Include images of the LOGO simulation which demonstrate that indeed
you have observed these test scenarios.

Answer 1

As part of system development,many industries,including the automobile industry,make substantial use of modeeling and simulation to help understand system performance.Modeling and simulation are currently used for a numneer of applications in the department of defence,notably for training users of new system and to help support arguments presented in the analysis of alternatives (formerly cost and operational effectiveness analyses) to justify going ahead with system development.Its success in similar applications in industry,and its cost,safety,have raised interest in the use of modeling and simulation in operational testing and evaluation (where it enjoys th same advantages).The use of simulation to argument operational test design and evaluation (and other related purposes such as to provide insight into data collection) has been strongly advocated by DoD officials.Although a number of workshops have been devoted to the use of simulation for assisting in the operational test and evaluation of defence systems,the precise extent to which simulation can be assistance for various purposes,such as aiding in operational test design,or supplementing information for operational test evaluation,remains unclear.Great care is needed to ensure that the information provided by modeling and simulation is useful since the uncritical use of modeling and simulation could result in the advancement of ineffective or unreliable systems to full-rate production,or,conversely,the delay or reeturn to development of good systems.

As the simulation advance from training to test design to test evaluation,the demands on the validation of the simulation increase.Unfortunetely,it is difficult to comprehensively dtermine whether a validation is "sufficient", since there are a large variety of defence systems,types of simulations,and purposes and levels of systems aggregations for which simulations might be used.

A major defence acquisition program may not proceed beyond low-rate initial production until initial operational test and evaluation of the program is completed;and the term 'operational test and evaluation' does not include an operational assessment based exclusively on computer modelling,simulation,or an analysis of information contained in program documents.

The panel strongly endorces this policy.

Models and simulations are typically constructed before substantial operational experience is available,either before or during development test.They are therefore based on information collected from similar systems,from components used in previous systems,or developmental testing of the current systems.As a result (almost by definition),a simulation often is unable to identify "unanticipated" failure modes-ones that are unique to operational experience.Consequently,it is almost axiomatic that for many systems a simulation can never fully replace an opeartional test.The challenge is not how to perform a perfectly realistic test,since that is nearly always impossible,but,instead,how to perform a test in which the lack of realism is not a detriment to the evaluation of th system.

Simulation is used in many contexts,such as simulation of technology for performance tuning or optimizing,safely engineering,testing,training,education,and video games.Simulation is also used when the real systems cannot be engaged,because it may not be accessible,or it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage,or it is being designed but not yet built,or it may simply not exist.