Question

Concepts (What does teach concept mean? Which theory makes use of it?) Formula of Universal Law (Kant) Formula of Humanity (Kant) Categorical & hypothetical imperatives (Kant) Moral relativism & moral nihilism Human Function (Aristotle) Doctrine of the Mean (Aristotle) Moral Worth (Kant) The Good Will (Kant) Eudaimonia (Aristotle / Stoicism)

Answer 1

1. Kant’s first formulation or the Formula of Universal Law states that every maxim (rule or principle) we act on must be such that we are willing to make it the case that everyone always act on that maxim when in a similar situation.

2. Kant’s second formulation or the Formula of Humanity posits that we should never act in such a way that we treat humanity, whether in ourselves or in others, as a means only but always as an end in itself.

3. Imperatives are akin to instructions and guide us what to do in different circumstances. Hypothetical imperatives tell us what to do in order to achieve a particular goal and only apply to people who want to attain the goal to which they refer. Categorical imperatives, unlike hypothetical imperatives, tell us what to do irrespective of our desires. According to Kant, categorical imperatives form the foundation of morality.

4. Moral nihilism is the ethical view that there are no moral facts and nothing can be considered morally right or wrong. It holds that moral statements are thus either all false or all nonsensical. On the other hand, moral relativism, accounts for actions wrong relative to a particular culture or individual. The truth values of moral statements are relative to time and place.

Please post the other questions separately as we are supposed to answer just one question or four sub parts of a question.