Question

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What do students learn from their experiences such as Gram stain, HMB, and persistent the bacteria to penicillin (P10) in microbiology course that will continue to influence them for many years to come?  

Using specific MORE examples for your statement AND How will students learn these things? at least 500 words

Answer 1

Stain is used to increase the contrast in microscopic image which helps in viewing. Bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram discovered a staining technique, according to his name it is called gram staining. This technique use to classify & differentiate bacteria species into two groups - gram positive & gram negative. Presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria is the key target element in this staining. Gram positive bacteria have the peptidoglycan in their cell wall and show the Violet colour by primary staining. Gram negative bacteria's cell wall contains small layer of peptidoglycan & by addition of alcohol, it is dissolved. Gram negative bacteria does not retain any colour by primary staining, but when a counterstain is added, they show pink colour. Though gram staining is not the sole method to identify bacteria but it gives idea about the preliminary morphology of bacteria. The genera streptococcus, clostridium, bacillus are gram positive. Whereas proteobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, cyanobacteria are gram negative.

For protection and repairing of muscle tissue, our body needs HMB. HMB is naturally occurring substance in human body. By the breakdown of amino acid leucine, it is produced. But in case of cancer patients, HIV patients, athletes, the HMB is supplied by food because of repairing of damage muscle tissue. The HMB decreases the rate of protein breakdown and enhances the protein synthesis in muscle tissue.

Small portion of bacteria are intolerance to antibiotics. They survive from the effects of antibiotics without any genetic change. These cells are called persistence cells, they are not grow in presence of antibiotics. In 1942,Hobby et al. Observed 1% of staphylococcus aureus cells escaped from the effects of penicillin. In 1945, chain & Duthie also found penicillin did not solely kill staphylococcus aureus. The long term use of antibiotics show that effectiveness of antibiotics reduce.