Question

What analytical methods can be used to analyze a reaction? Other than percent yield and atom economy

Answer 1

An analytical process can be considered as a generation of information.In turn, unambiguous true identification, especially that of unknown compound needs a large amount of information. The reason is that the results of the procedure are very often complex chemical compounds. Their molecules differbetween each other in elements and the number of their atoms, types of chemicalbonds, configurations and conformations. The molecule complexity increases with the number and diversity of atoms, bonds, molecular configurations/conformations.
some of the analytical methods can be used to analyze a reaction is given below

Elemental Analysis

Qualitative determination of elements/metals/ions is rarely named “identification of elements”, though this is what it means. In contrast to molecular qualitative analysis, with a lot of organic compounds having very similar properties, elemental identification is relatively simple in implementation, because elements are notnumerous and differ notably in their properties.
Here, related techniques are only listed:
Qualitative reactions: spot/tube tests, other chemical test systems
Flame test
Polarography and related methods
Photometry and spectrophotometry, Atomic emission/absorption spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence analysis,l Neutron activation analysis
Ion chromatography
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
NMR and some others
These techniques mainly refer to inorganic analysis and can be applied to organic one as well. There are also special techniques of organic elemental analysis which use elemental analyzers.Elemental analysis has been advanced in the version of speciation analysis, which may be a combination of the former with a molecular one. Speciation is a determination of the particular chemical form, e.g., a charge/valence of a metal ion or a molecular/complex compound in which an element occurs in a sample.Analytical problems of the second kind are solved using techniques of molecular analysis.

Electrochemistry
Determination of inorganic and organic compounds by electroanalytical techniques includes identification of analytes. For this purpose, polarographic and voltammetric techniques seems to be the most popular ones. The techniques are
applicable for identification of electrochemically reducible (e.g., nitro, nitroso,
and azo) compounds and oxidizable (aromatic amines, phenols) compounds). Voltammetric peak potentials are quantities measured for identification. Two types of electrochemical devices, sensors and selective HPLC
detectors, are of value for advanced chemical analysis.

X-ray Diffraction

X-ray diffraction is used for structure determination of inorganic and organic solids and identification of crystalline phases. In these types of analysis, diffraction theory and/or the comparison of the positions and intensities of the diffraction peaks to libraries of known crystalline materials are exploited. Multiple phases in a sample can be recognized. Identification of minerals in geological samples is the best known example of the use of the technique in qualitative analysis.

IR Spectroscopy

In classical IR spectroscopy, pure organic compounds were elucidated/identified by means of spectral interpretation using reference tables containing (a) specific wavenumber of absorption bands of different functional groups and (b) specific
band absorption (strong, medium, or weak) [28, 30, 35]; see also references in the modern state of the technique, typically using FT-IR instruments, is characterized by widespread application of:
l Electronic libraries of IR spectra
l NIR (13,000–4,000 cm–1), with minimal or no sample preparation, fast determination,
and reduced costs, for analysis of foodstuff, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
polymers, and so on, e.g., in qualitative analysis
Substantial limitations of the technique become apparent when mixtures of compounds and their traces are analyzed