Question

1. which of the following muscles originate on the calcaneus.

2. examine the scenario and indicate which specific: cranial nerves, muscles, parts of the brain and spinal cord are not functioning and what role they play.

Scenario:

Anna has been experiencing difficulty swallowing, she has seen a specialist and completed a swallow study. during her test the physician noticed that Anna's tongue has a severe curve to the left and was unable to close her mouth completely. it was observed that Annas breathing was shallow and rapid while her pulse remained steady and unaffected.

Answer 1

1. The muscles originate on the calcaneus are - Extensor digitorum brevis (on dorsolateral side of calcaneus), Abductor hallucis (at medial process of calcaneus tubercle), quadratus plantae (on lateral and medial of calcaneus)extensor hallucis brevis (on dorsal side of calcaneus) ,Abductor digiti minimi (on calcaneus tubercle), flexor digitorum brevis (on calcaneus tubercle ).

2. The cranial nerves, muscles, parts of the brain and spinal cord are not functioning in above scenario -

Cranial nerves involved - glossopharyngeal ,vagus ,hypoglossal nerve,facial nerve

Muscles - Glossopharyngeal nerve innervating to stylopharyngeus and superior constrictor of pharynx., Vagus nerves innervating to palatoglossus muscles of tongue and striated muscles of the pharynx and larynx, hypoglossal nerve innervating to extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue.The facial nerve innervates to the facial muscles and helps in the opening and closing of the mouth.

Part of brain and spinal cord - Medulla oblonga of the brain stem (glossopharyngeal ,vagus ,hypoglossal nerve,) and Pons (facial nerve)

Roles they play - The hypoglossal nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and innervates the muscles of tongue ,functions in movement of tongue.The vagus nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and innervates the muscles tongue ,pharynx and larynx ,functions in regulation of respiratory activity. The glossopharyngeal nerve originates from the medulla oblongata and innervates the pharynx muscles, functions in swallowing. The facial nerve originates from Pons and innervates the facial muscles, functions in opening and closing of mouth.