Question

1. Explain how it is possible for you to have so many different kinds of cells in your body (e.g.
muscle cells, skin cells, liver cells, etc.) when nearly all of the cells contain the same 46 molecules of DNA (chromosomes).
2. Explain in your own words your understanding of the central dogma of biology.
Answer each of the following questions.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Of what importance is the primary structure of a protein?
What ultimately determines the primary structure of a protein?
What is a mutation? During what process are mutations most likely to occur?
Why do mutations affect the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 1

1.

Different cells have different jobs to do. Each cell has a size and shape that is suited to its job. Cells that do the same job combine together to form body tissue, such as muscle, skin, or bone tissue. Groups of different types of cells make up the organs in your body, such as your heart, liver, or lungs. Each organ has its own job to do, but all organs work together to maintain your body. A group of different organs working together to do a job makes up a system. All the systems in your body are like members of a team whose job it is to keep you alive and healthy.

2.

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins:

DNA → RNA → protein.

* What is the primary structure of a protein :-

The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids. Together, this linear sequence is referred to as a polypeptide chain. The amino acids in the primary structure are held together by covalent bonds, which are made during the process of protein synthesis (translation).

* importance of the primary structure of a protein :-

The primary structure is important to the protein's unique three-dimensional structure, its mechanism of action, and its relationship to other proteins with similar physiological roles.

* What ultimately determines the primary structure of a protein :-

The actual order of the amino acids in the protein is called its primary structure and is determined by DNA.

* What is a mutation? During what process are mutations most likely to occur?

Mutation :- A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene. A Mutagen is an agent of substance that can bring about a permanent alteration to the physical composition of a DNA gene such that the genetic message is changed.

Mutations can occur during DNA replication if errors are made and not corrected in time. Mutations can also occur as the result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, sunlight and radiation.

* Why do mutations affect the primary structure of a protein :-

Point mutations can cause serious changes to an organism if they change the way a protein works. A mutation in DNA alters the mRNA, which in turn can alter the amino acid chain. A base substitution may have three different effects on an organism's protein.

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