Question

Describe and explain the process of phagocytosis and the mechanisms by which phagocytes destroy and degrade pathogens.

Identify and list signs of inflammation and fever, explaining why they occur.

Explain the advantages and risks posed by inflammatory responses.

Answer 1

Phagocytosis is a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it. The process of phagocytosis often happens when the cell is trying to destroy something, like a virus or an infected cell, and is often used by immune system cells.

Phagocytes degrade pathogens through phagocytosis, which involves engulfing the pathogen, killing and digesting it within a phagolysosome, and then excreting undigested matter.

The signs of inflammation:

The four signs of inflammation—redness ,heat , swelling ,and pain.

It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.

The signs of fever are:

• Shivering, shaking, and chills.
• Headache
• Skin flushing or hot skin.

It occur when your body temperature rises because of an infection, it's called a fever. Fevers are caused by chemicals called pyrogens flowing in the bloodstream.

Advantage of inflammatory response are:

Inflammatory responses in the brain can enhance neuronal excitability, injure cells, and increase blood-brain barrier permeability to various molecules .

Risks of inflammatory response are:

Inflammatory responsesthat occur with septic shock can cause a perilous drop in blood pressure; intravascular blood clotting; development of thrombi and emboli that block blood vessels, leading to tissue death.

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