Question

1 Substrate that use to produce liver ketone body

2.Intermediate that find in both carbohydrate and fatty acid degradation.

3.Which molecule is the causative of acidosis in human?

4.Amino acid that used to control urea cycle.

5.Intermediate which play an important role in rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis and degradation.

Answer 1

Ans 1-

Substrate for ketone bodies isAcetyl- CoA.  Synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA consists of three steps: formation of acetoacetyl-CoA, formation of acetoacetate, and reduction of acetoacetate to β-hydroxybutyrate. Nonenzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetate yields acetone, which is eliminated via the lungs.

Ketone bodies are the water-soluble molecules containing the ketone group that are produced by the liver from fatty acids.

Ketone bodies are produced by the liver under the circumstances like,periods of low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, resultant of intense gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Ans 2- Acetyl CoA

Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.

The breakdown of fatty acids, called fatty acid oxidation or beta (β)-oxidation, begins in the cytoplasm, where fatty acids are converted into fatty acyl CoA molecules.

Ans 3- Respiratory acidosis occurs when the blood is overly acidic due to an excess of carbonic acid, resulting from too much CO2 in the blood. Respiratory acidosis can result from anything that interferes with respiration, such as pneumonia, emphysema, or congestive heart failure.

Ans 4- ornithine

The biosynthesis of urea is regulated mainly by two factors, the amounts of urea cycle enzymes and the concentrations of acetyl-glutamate and ornithine. ornithine is a amino acid.

Ans 5- The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase.