Question

In a behavioral medicine study, Cease, Now, And Live-Longer(2017) found that there was a difference in effectiveness of using rapid smoking as a treatment of smoking cessation as compared to a control method. They found that participants smoked less after receiving the rapid smoking treatment as compared to those participants in a control condition. Cease et al. (2017) had reviewed considerable research on other treatments for smoking cessation. For example, there is the use of nicotine replacement therapy and the use of pharmacotherapy like Chantix to treat smoking behavior. These methods have been shown to be effective in reducing or eliminating smoking behavior. There is a need to compare behavioral based smoking cessation treatments with other types of smoking cessation treatments like NRT and pharmacothearpy. To this end, the research term of Patch-It, Puff-It And Stop-it(2018) have designed a new study of compare the effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments.

Patch-it et al. (2018) designed a study that used three conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments. They used the rapid smoking condition that was used in the Cease et al. (2017) study. In the rapid smoking condition, the participants deeply inhaled on a cigarette every six seconds that was repeated for six cigarettes smoked. There were no rest periods between cigarettes. In another condition nicotine replacements therapy was used. The researchers used a patch with 14 mg of nicotine to be worn for 16 hours a day during the treatment phase of the study. A control condition was used where participants puff a sham cigarette at the same rate and duration as the rapid smoking condition.

Patch-it et al. (2018) recruited a large pool of college student smokers, who had reported to smoke for at least one year and expressed a desire to quit completely. From this pool of potential participants, 30 smokers were randomly selected to participate. With informed consent, the smokers agreed to participate in the study. Ten smokers(10) were randomly assigned to the rapid smoking condition (RAPID SMOKING). The two treatment conditions and control condition lasted for two weeks(14 Days).

A measure of cigarette use was taken at two months after the treatment program was ended. These days were recorded as the average daily number (rounded to a whole number) of reported cigarettes (CIGARETTES) smoked during a period of seven days. These data were obtained from daily logs submitted by the participants.

CONTROL 10 16 20 16 19 15 15 14 16 11

RAPID SMOKING 13 4 12 11 6 6 11 12 12 12

PATCH 14 MG 10 4 4 7 7 4 2 8 10 10

2. State the statistical hypothesis to be used in the data analysis (notation and words).

Answer 1

i.e. H₀: there no difference in the effects of Control and two other treatment groups

H₁: H₀ is not true.

One-way ANOVA: C1 versus C2

Source DF SS MS F P
C2 2 376.47 188.23 19.63 0.000
Error 27 258.90 9.59
Total 29 635.37

S = 3.097 R-Sq = 59.25% R-Sq(adj) = 56.23%

Since p-value<0.05, hence there are significant difference between the effects of three groups (Control, Rapid Smoking, Patch 14 MG). Hence we want to perform post hoc test. Here we use Tukey's test.

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on
Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -------+---------+---------+---------+--
Control 10 15.200 3.084 (----*-----)
Patch14MG 10 6.600 2.951 (-----*-----)
Rapidsmoking 10 9.900 3.247 (----*-----)
-------+---------+---------+---------+--
7.0 10.5 14.0 17.5

Pooled StDev = 3.097

Grouping Information Using Tukey Method

C2 N Mean Grouping
Control 10 15.200 A
Rapidsmoking 10 9.900 B
Patch14MG 10 6.600 B

Means that do not share a letter are significantly different.

Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals
All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of C2

Individual confidence level = 98.04%

C2 = Control subtracted from:

C2 Lower Center Upper ----+---------+---------+---------+-----
Patch14MG -12.037 -8.600 -5.163 (------*------)
Rapidsmoking -8.737 -5.300 -1.863 (-----*------)
----+---------+---------+---------+-----
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0

C2 = Patch14MG subtracted from:

C2 Lower Center Upper ----+---------+---------+---------+-----
Rapidsmoking -0.137 3.300 6.737 (------*-----)
----+---------+---------+---------+-----
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0

From the above confidence intervals, we conclude that   participants smoked less after receiving the rapid smoking treatment and PATCH 14 MG treatment as compared to those participants in a control condition (since the corresponding confidence intervals contain all negative values) whereas there is no significant difference between the effects of rapid smoking treatment and PATCH 14 MG treatment since the corresponding interval contains zero.