Question

In: Biology

In rats, a loud noise can provoke a startle response. With repeated loud noise stimuli, the...

In rats, a loud noise can provoke a startle response. With repeated loud noise stimuli, the rat will stop displaying a startle response. However, if the rat is given a different noise stimulus followed be the original loud noise, it will show the startle response again.

This is an example of learning and, to a lesser extent, memory.

Use the scenarios above and your own examples to:  

Explain the role of the following in learning and memory: short-term memory, memory traces, working memory, associative and nonassociative learning, and habituation and sensitization.

Solutions

Expert Solution

1. Short term memory ;

it is the kind of memory in which we can not make it permanent without repeating it. this kind of memory is the primary type of memory this memory can further going to be secondary when we can practice it lots of time or practicing, again and again, the primary memory explained by an example of the remembering phone number in which we can ask someone for the contact number and when the person tells us the number we can repeat it 3-4 times afterward after two 2-3 days we can't remember it but if we call daily to the person the primary memory gets stored converted into secondary memory that is long germ memory .. the example I should give you like the of the musician as the musician first plays any kind of dhun which can be better it by practicing the in which the first weak of the musicians is the primary memory and then by again and again practicing it can store into the secondary by getting more data from brain and removing errors in that practicing period.

Memory trace

memory trace or engram is a theoretical means by which memories are physically stored in the brain. engrams are believed to exist the actual methods and locations ad it is biochemical or physiochemical change in the brain by the external environmental stimuli and this process is still being researched and debated to this day. it is the resemblances to previous spiritual experiences in their environment that seem to trigger these effects.

One brain region that Thompson's group monitored that they thought was a possible part of the memory engram was the lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP), when chemically deactivated, it resulted in the rabbits, who were previously conditioned to blink when hearing the tone, to act as if the conditioning never took place; however, when they re-activated the LIP, they responded to the tone again with an eyeblink. This gives evidence that the LIP is a key element of the engram for this behavioral response. -( researchers experiment)

working memory-

the working memory is the memory in which humans are a limited capacity part of the human memory system that combines the temporary storage and manipulation of information in the service of cognition. the primary memory or the short term memory is the one component of this memory. the working memory is the executive operator of the short term stores for the auditory, verbal and visuospatial information it is very useful in the application of the differences in cognition, neuropsychology, normal and abnormal child development, and neuroimaging.

association learning -

in the association learning process when the learner which learning something new exposure to a stimulus decreases learner responsiveness to the stimulus. the best example for this condition is the experiment of the Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, on the dog and its behavior for the getting food scientist ring the bell when the dog was hungry and the dog created saliva in his mouth by hearing the sound of the bell it shows that the auditory stimuli of the bell are for the getting food then the scientist explain the behavior of the dog against the external stimuli it is the associate learning behavior of the dog.

Non-association stimuli -

the no associational stimuli are found in such animals that can not responses to the associated stimuli means they change their response to a stimulus without association with positive or negative reinforcement.and it is the perment chnage in response with perticuler stimulii Animals frequently subjected to a stimulus will often become habituated to that stimulus--they will show a reduction or total elimination of response to a stimulus without positive or negative reinforcement.

habituation

it is the kind of non assocaition stilus it is depend on the two factors esponse probability, response duration to the stimulus.sometimes response declines because it is no longer followed by a reward.the best way to know habituation by the behavior of the predator birds by its predator in the particular controlled situation. in the cafe of stuffed owl we can put the songbirds to eat the owl can attack it on predator as first but the later on it does not act on that bird as like predator then this behavior call habitation it also explained in the plant tissue culture technique when the tissue was cultured on the specific contain media and then it can recultured on the same media there recultured callus cell of the plant again want to be same kind of media and growth hormones for the growth and flourishing themselves on the same edia.that is habituation

sensitization

Sensitization is a kind of non-associative learning behavior in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus. like the response of pain results from the progressively amplified synaptic response of the peripheral nerves warning that the stimulation is harmful to the body.


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