Question

12. Which of the following theories is an example of biological determinism?

A. XYY syndrome B. Cohen's lower-class reaction theory C. Marxist theory D. Psychological positivism 13.  Which of the following best describes what general strain theory (GST) identifies as the cause of strain?      A. The rejection by lower-class individuals of middle-class values B. Negative relationships in which individuals feel mistreated C. The failure to earn as much money as one would like D. Suppression of the id 14. Which of the following schools of thought would be most likely to claim that criminal tendencies are the result of environmental and psychological factors?      A. Neoclassical B. Classical C. Demonological D. Economic 15. Theresa writes a criminology essay in which she claims that only socialism can solve the crime problem. Her essay adheres to the _______ theory.      A. demonological B. neoclassical C. economic D. classical 16. Which of the following is a focus of the social process tradition?      A. Containment B. Biological causality C. Cultural transmission D. Personality adaptation 17. Which of the following is a premise of positivism?      A. Causality B. Adaptability C. The criminal act D. Sinfulness 18. Which of the following schools of thought would be most likely to claim that crime is caused by unequal access to necessities of life?      A. Classical B. Economic C. Ecological D. Demonological 19. Critical criminology states that crime is a label attached to behaviors by which group?      A. Ethnic minorities B. The young C. Religious minorities D. The less powerful 20. Our tendency to generalize explanations for many types of crime is referred to as      A. critical theory. B. the global fallacy. C. the theoretical range. D. criminal typology.

Answer 1

12. A. XYY syndrome. Biological determinism emphasise on genetic and neurochemical causes and hence XYY syndrome which relates to chromosomal mutation is the correct answer.

13.B. According to the general strain theory, negative experiences in relationships where individuals feel mistreated creates feelings of being discriminated against, of threat due to negatively valued stimuli such as neglect, abandonment, inequal treatment etc.

14 D. The Classical theory would explain crimes as a result of psychological and environmental factors as it focuses on the choice and responsibility of the individual in acting in a way to pursue his/her own pleasures and avoid pain at the cost of others in society.

15. B.Theresa’s essay makes reference to neoclassical theory as she emphasises on the role of social contract.

16. C. Cultural transmission. Social process tradition focuses on the transfer of values and beliefs across generations.

17. C. Positivism focuses on observable evidence therefore, the criminal act becomes important.

18.B. The economic model gives the inequality in distribution of resources as the main cause of crimes.

19. D Critical criminology associates the label of crime with the less powerful groups including, women, ethnic minorities, lower class, etc.

20. B. Global fallacy is the tendency to generalise a theory of crime to other acts of crime such as generalising a theory of homicide as an explanation for sex offending.