Question

2. In our class, we learned therapeutic antibodies approved by Government regulatory offices (e.g., USA/Korea FDA). So far, more than 70 antibodies have been approved for diverse diseases.

2.1. Please take examples of 2 antibodies approved for cancer therapy and described the Mechanism of action.

2.2. Please take examples of 2 antibodies approved for autoimmune diseases and described the Mechanism of action.

2.3. Please take examples of 2 antibodies approved for other diseases except for cancer and autoimmune diseases and described the Mechanism of action.

Answer 1

2.1) therapeutic antibodies approved by FDA for cancer are:-

Rituximab used for the treatment of Non -Hodgkins Lymphoma.Rituximab works by targeting the CD20 antigen on normal and malignant B-cells. Then the body's natural immune defenses are recruited to attack and kill the marked B-cells. Stem cells (young cells in the bone marrow that will develop into the various types of cells) do not have the CD20 antigen.

The direct effects of rituximab include complement-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and the indirect effects include structural changes, apoptosis, and sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapy.

Herceptin is used for the treatment of breast cancer.Herceptin works by attaching itself to the HER2 receptors on the surface of breast cancer cells and blocking them from receiving growth signals. By blocking the signals, Herceptin can slow or stop the growth of the breast cancer. Herceptin is an example of an immune targeted therapy.

2.2) Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmune disorder:

Adalimumab antibody used for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Adalimumab (Humira) is a biologic drug that binds to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In RA, TNFα is produced by cells inside the joint and plays an important role in stimulating joint inflammation. When adalimumab binds to TNFα, it neutralises the function of TNFα and reduces joint inflammation and damage.

Infliximab works by blocking the actions of a certain natural substance (tumor necrosis factor alpha) in the body. This helps to decrease swelling (inflammation) and weaken your immune system, which slows or stops the damage from the crohns disease.

2.3) other diseases:-

Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody that has been studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antibody targets aggregated forms of β-amyloid found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease, in the hopes of reducing its buildup.

Basiliximab (trade name Simulect) is a chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibody to the α chain (CD25) of the IL-2 receptor of T cells. It is used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, especially in kidney transplants

It is used to prevent white blood cells from acute renal transplantation rejection. It specifically binds to and blocks the alpha chain of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R alpha), also known as CD25 antigen, on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes.