Question

1. When discussing the concept of risk, what type of outcomes are we considering (negative outcomes or positive outcomes)?   (For example, would we talk about the risk of DYING from heart failure OR the risk of SURVIVING heart failure?)

2. If the risk of Outcome A is 154% compared to the risk of Outcome B, has the risk for Outcome A increased, decreased or stayed the same?

3. What decimal (e.g x.xx) would you use to express a risk of 67%?  Has the risk increased, decreased or stayed the same?

4. When considering the confidence interval surrounding a risk (e.g. risk of 0.84 with a 95% CI of 0.65 – 0.98), what is the “key” number to look for, and why?  What is the relationship between statistical significance and this “key” number?

5. In a population of cigarette smokers, 35 out of 1,436 will develop small cell lung cancer (SCLC).   What is the risk of developing SCLC in this population?

6. In a population of non-smokers, 188 out of 153,678 will develop SCLC.   What is the risk of developing SCLC in this population?

7. What is the relative risk for developing SCLC among smokers as compared to non-smokers?

8. In your own words, what is the difference between risk and odds?

9. Construct a 2x2 table for the statistics given for SCLC above and calculate the odds ratio.

10. In your own words, what is the meaning of the odds ratio? (How would you explain this to a patient?)        

11. If the risk for developing a neural tube defect (NTD) without folate supplementation is 0.63% and the risk for developing a NTD with folate supplementation is 0.03%, what is the relative risk for not taking folate, and what is the relative risk reduction for taking folate?

12. What is the absolute risk reduction for taking folate supplementation?  What is the NNT for taking folate supplementation?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.   When does a manufacturer apply for an IND?

2.   When does a manufacturer apply for an NDA?

3.   After what stage of the drug development process is the drug released to market?

4.   A study contains the statement, “Based on the p-value of 0.056, the null hypothesis was accepted and it was determined that the diabetic control on drug A was not different from diabetic control on drug B.”   What branch of statistics is this statement representing?

5.   By definition the 50^thpercentile is also known as what”

6.   On a stem and leaf plot, the range is determined by taking the largest possible valuable and subtracting the lowest possible value. True or False?

7.   What part of a box plot represents the interquartile range?

8.   Between a pie chart, bar chart and histogram, which two are used for discreet data?

Answer 1