Question

There are only a handful of signaling pathways (FGF, WNT, BMP/TGFB, HH, Notch, steroid) that shape development. Which one do you think is the most important? Sketch the signaling pathway (ligand, receptor, intercellular signaling). Defend the importance of your choice with specific examples. Identify a human disease caused by changes in this signaling pathway. Propose a way to treat the condition by modulating the pathway with genetic technology.

Answer 1

In my opinion the MAPK /ERK pathway is the most important pathway. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES ARE PROTEIN KINASES THE FIRST AND ONLY DUAL Serine and threonin residue. Or those found on this substrates to activate a deactivated their targets. Accordingly MAPK regulate important cellular processes such as proliferation, stress response, apoptosis and immune defence. MAPK are ubiquitously expressed and evolutionary conserved in eukaryotes. The activation of MAPK cascade in a module of consecutive phosphorylation that is after previous stimulus each MAPK is Phosphorylation limited by an upstream MAPKs. A MAPK module comprises a MAP3K THAT ACTIVATES MAP2K WHICH THEN INTERN ACTIVATE MAPK. MAPK phosphorylation events can be in activated by Apk protein phosphatase(MPKs) that be phosphorylated both phospothreonine threonin and phosphotyrosine Residue on MAPKs. There are three well known m a p k Pathways in mammalian cell.the ERK1/2, the c-JUN N- terminal kinase 1,2,3 and the p38 MAPK .

ERK,JNK and p38 isoform are grouped according to the activation motif, Structure and function.

ERK1/2 is activated in response to growth factor ,hormones and proinflammatory stimuli