Question

• There are 13 DNS root servers in the world.
  • Who operates them?
  • Where are they located
• Without DNS the Internet would not function
  • There have been several attempts to take down the root servers; research and then share an instance
  • What makes root servers secure? (No take-down attempt has ever succedded)
• Who operates the DNS server at address 8.8.8.8?
  • Are there any other popular DNS servers?
• Anything else that you care to share about DNS

list all 13 servers with ipv4 address, host name and organizations in a table

Answer 1

There are 13 DNS root servers in the world

1. The 13 root servers are operated by VeriSign Inc , University of Southern California (ISI), Cogent Communications ,University of Maryland , NASA, Internet Systems Consortium Inc., US Department of Defense (NIC), US Army (Research Lab), Netnod, VeriSign Inc., RIPE NCC, ICANN, WIDE Project
2. the location of root servers are-

• Verisign, Inc. - Amsterdam,  Ashburn, Ashburn, Atlanta, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paris, Plano, San Jose, Seattle, Tokyo

• Information Sciences Institute - Amsterdam , Arica, Los Angeles,Miami, Reston,Singapore New York,Paris, Queretaro,

• Cogent Communications - Bratislava,Chicago, Frankfurt,Herndon,Los Angeles, Madrid, Singapore,

• University of Maryland - Colombo,

• Nasa - Atlanta

• Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. - Barcelona

• Defense Information Systems Agency - Columbus

• U.S. Army Research Lab - Dubai

• Netnod - Amsterdam

• Verisign, Inc.- Amsterdam

• RIPE NCC - Beijing

• ICANN - Bangkok

• WIDE Project - Osaka,

1. Internet is the network of computers which can communicate with each other knowing IP address.DNS is sometimes called a translator which provides the ip address of corresponding domain name.There are countless websites now available. So we can’t remember all of them when needed.
2. There are been many attempt to take down the root servers but none of them was successful.The attack, commonly known as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, took place on two separate occasions.The first DDoS attack to the Internet's backbone root servers launched on November 30 that lasted 160 minutes (almost 3 hours), and the second one started on December 1 that lasted almost an hour.
3. Like the Internet, DNS is constructed on a mesh-like structure, so if one server doesn't respond to a request, other servers step in and provide a DNS query result.A further security measure in terms of the limits of the used root name server’s capacities during normal operation: only a third of the available computing resources are used by servers. This helps ensure that name resolution can still be carried out when multiple DNS root servers Anycast routing is another handy tool that can disrupt DDoS attacks. Anycast allows multiple servers to share a single IP address, so even if one DNS server gets shut down, there will still be others up and serving
4. Google public DNS operates the DNS server at address 8.8.8.8
5. There are many DNS server provider some of them are-

• Cisco OpenDNS: 208.67.222.222 and 208.67.220.220;
• Cloudflare 1.1.1.1: 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1;
• Google Public DNS: 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4; and
• Quad9: 9.9.9.9 and 149.112.112.112.

Hostname	ipv4	Organisation
a.root-servers.net	198.41.0.4	VeriSign, Inc.
b.root-servers.net	199.9.14.201	University of Southern California (ISI)
c.root-servers.net	192.33.4.12	Cogent Communications
d.root-servers.net	199.7.91.13	University of Maryland
e.root-servers.net	192.203.230.10	NASA
f.root-servers.net	192.5.5.241	Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.
g.root-servers.net	192.112.36.4	US Department of Defense (NIC)
h.root-servers.net	198.97.190.53	US Army (Research Lab)
i.root-servers.net	192.36.148.17	Netnod
j.root-servers.net	192.58.128.30	VeriSign, Inc.
k.root-servers.net	193.0.14.129	RIPE NCC
l.root-servers.net	199.7.83.42	ICANN
m.root-servers.net	202.12.27.33	WIDE Project

summary- The DNS is responsible for almost everything connected to the Internet, and as with everything, the root system supports the branches. The importance of DNS root servers isn’t widely discussed—the end user rarely needs to worry about them—but in the grand scheme of things, they truly are the Internet’s backbone.