Question

1. Nonparametric tests should not be used when ______.

the dependent variables are ordinal scales

the assumptions of parametric tests are met

the associations being tested involve categorical variables

the population distribution is heavily skewed

2. Chi-square tests are used to analyze ______.

continuous variables

frequency of data

skewness

medians

3. The ______ tests are more powerful than the ______ tests, which means the ______ is higher for nonparametric tests.

nonparametric; parametric; type II error

parametric; nonparametric; type I error

nonparametric; parametric; type I error

parametric; nonparametric; type II error

4. Expected frequencies are obtained in rows-by-columns table assuming that the row and column categorizations are ______.

related to each other

independent of each other

equal

dependent on each other

5. Which of the following is a possible null hypothesis for a chi-square test?

The two categorical variables are unrelated in the population.

The means of populations in two independent groups are equal.

The distribution of scores for the first population is different from the distribution of scores for the second population.

The two categorical variables are related in the population.

6. If you have a 5 × 5 frequency table, then the critical value of chi-square would be based on ______ degrees of freedom.

10

8

25

16

7. The degrees of freedom of the chi-square test depend on ______.

number of cells

sample size and number of cells

number of columns, number of rows, and sample size

number of columns and number of row

8. If the results of a study using the chi-square tests are summarized as χ²(2, N = 40) = 3.31, p > .05, then you would know that the total number of participants was ______.

44

11

10

40

9. What is the critical value for chi-square when alpha = 0.05 and the degrees of freedom are 11?

19.68

11.08

24.72

26.57

10. If the results of a study using the chi-square tests are summarized as χ²(1, N = 360) = 10.11, p < .01, then you would know that it was a ______ study.

2 X 2

2 X 3

1 X 3

3 X 3

Answer 1

1) when the assumptions for parametric tests are met non parametric tests should not be used bcz NP tests are not very systematic and hypothesis can be tested with parametric tests.

2)The chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories.

Option frequency of data is correct.

3)The advantage of using a parametric test instead of a nonparametric equivalent is that the former will have more statistical power than the latter. In other words, a parametric test is more able to lead to a rejection of H0. Most of the time, the p-value associated to a parametric test will be lower than the p-value associated to a nonparametric equivalent that is run on the same data.

Parametric tests are more powerful than non parametric test because

Power=1-beta=1-Prob(type two error)

For parametric type two error is high and so power will be less.

Last option is correct.

4) expected frequencies are calculated assuming that row and column categorization are independent of each other.

5)H0 Two categorical variables are unrelated in the population.

Chi square test is used to check indepency of categorical variables bcz it is a non parametric test.

6) Degrees of freedom are (r-1)(s-1) where r is no of row and s is no of columns. So here r and s are 5

Degrees of freedom are 4*4=16

7) degrees of freedom depend upon number of rows and columns. And sample size.

8) Since N=40 sp total number of participants are 40

9)from chi square table critical value is 19.68 for alpha=0.05 and d.f.=11

10) since d.f.=1 So (r-1)(s-1)=1 so r and s is 2 so it was a 2*2 study