Question

One football player was tired of teachers and students making comments under the general assumption that student-athletes were less intelligent or inferior students to those not playing sports. To get rid of the “dumb jock” labels, he compared the results on a college readiness assessment of student-athletes and non-athletes. On this particular assessment, a student could receive the following scores: “under-prepared,” “on-track,” or “college-ready.” He recorded the following chart:

	Under-Prepared	College-Ready
Athlete	88	224
Non-Athlete	127	300

Answer 1

H0: Null Hypothesis: college readiness assessment of student-athletes and non-athletes are independent. (Claim)

H0: Null Hypothesis: college readiness assessment of student-athletes and non-athletes are independent.

Observed Frequencies:

	Under prepared	College ready	Total
Athlete	88	224	312
Non-athlete	127	300	427
Total	215	524	739

Expected Frequencies:

	Under prepared	College ready	Total
Athlete	215X312/739=9.77	524X312/739=221.23	312
Non-athlete	215X427/739=124.23	524X427/739=302.77	427
Total	215	524	739

Test Statistic () is got as follows:

Observed (O)	Expected (E)	(O - E)2/E
88	90.77	0.08
224	221.23	0.03
127	124.23	0.06
300	302.77	0.03
Total = =		0.21

Degrees of Freedom = (r - 1) X (c - 1)= (2 - 1)X (2 - 1) =1

By Technology, p - value = 0.6495

Since p - value = 0.6495 is greater than = 0.05, the difference is not significant. Fail to reject null hypothesis.

Conclusion:
The data support the claim that college readiness assessment of student-athletes and non-athletes are independent.