In: Accounting
This problem is based on the JA Tires data.. As part of risk assessment procedures, you have been asked to perform some preliminary data analytics on the sales file to assess whether individual transactions or classes of sales transactions represent increased inherent risk because they are large, unusual, or involve related parties. You can perform this analysis using Excel.
Required:
a. Identify the five largest sales transactions.
Indicate whether you believe these transactions should require an
increase in inherent risk. Do you believe any of these transactions
individually, or in the aggregate, should be considered a
significant risk? [NOTE: Significant risk is a defined term.]
b. Identify any other transactions that appear to
involve unusual product numbers, customers, or prices.
c. Customer 1027, New York Tire Depot, is considered a
related party to JA Tires. What is the total amount of sales to
this customer?
Please show how to solve on excel : show steps :
Inherent risk is the risk posed by an error or omission in a financial statement due to a factor other than a failure of internal control. In a financial audit, inherent risk is most likely to occur when transactions are complex, or in situations that require a high degree of judgment in regard to financial estimates. This type of risk represents a worst-case scenario because all internal controls in place have nonetheless failed.
Inherent Risk
Understanding Inherent Risk
Inherent risk is one of the risks auditors and analysts must look for when reviewing financial statements, along with control risk and detection risk. When conducting an audit or analyzing a business, the auditor or analyst tries to gain an understanding of the nature of the business while examining control risks and inherent risks. If inherent and control risks are considered to be high, an auditor can set the detection risk to an acceptably low level to keep the overall audit risk at a reasonable level. To lower detection risk, an auditor will take steps to improve audit procedures through targeted audit selections or increased sample sizes.
Companies operating in highly regulated sectors, such as the financial sector, are more likely to have higher inherent risk, especially if the company does not have an internal audit department or has an audit department without an oversight committee with a financial background. The ultimate risk posed to the company also depends on the financial exposure created by the inherent risk if the process for accounting for the exposure fails.
Significant unusual transactions as significant transactions that are outside the normal course of business for the company or that otherwise appear to be unusual due to their timing, size, or nature. 1. A significant unusual transaction does not necessarily need to occur infrequently.
B.
Types of Suspicious Activities or Transactions
Money Laundering using cash transactions
unusually large cash deposits made by an individual or company
whose ostensible business activities would normally be generated by
cheques and other instruments;
substantial increases in cash deposits of any individual or
business without apparent cause, especially if such deposits are
subsequently transferred within a short period out of the account
and/or to a destination not normally associated with
thecustomer;
customers who deposit cash by means of numerous credit slips so
that the total of each deposit is unremarkable, but the total of
all the credits is significant;
company accounts whose transactions, both deposits and withdrawals,
are denominated by cash rather than the forms of debit and credit
normally associated with commercial operations (e.g. cheques,
Letters of Credit, Bills of Exchange, etc.);
customers who constantly pay in or deposit cash to cover requests
for money transfers, bankers drafts or other negotiable and readily
marketable money instruments;
customers who seek to exchange large quantities of low denomination
notes for those of higher denomination;
frequent exchange of cash into other currencies;
branches that have a great deal more cash transactions than usual
(Head Office statistics detect aberrations in cash
transactions);
customers whose deposits contain counterfeit notes or forged
instruments;
customers transferring large sums of money to or from overseas
locations with instruments for payment in cash; and
large cash deposits using night safe facilities, thereby avoiding
direct contact with bank staff.
Money Laundering using bank accounts
customers who wish to maintain a number of trustee or client
accounts which do not appear consistent with the type of business,
including transactions which involve nominees;
customers who have numerous accounts and pay in amounts of cash to
each of them in circumstances in which the total of credits would
be a large amount;
any individual or company whose account shows virtually no normal
personal banking or business related activities, but is used to
receive or disburse large sums which have no obvious purpose or
relationship to the account holder and/or his business(e.g. a
substantial increase in turnover on an account);
reluctance to provide normal information when opening an account,
providing minimal or fictitious information or, when applying to
open an account, providing information that is difficult or
expensive for the institution to verify;
customers who appear to have accounts with several institutions
within the same locality, especially when the bank is aware of a
regular consolidation process from such accounts prior to a request
for onward transmission of the funds;
matching of payments out with credits paid in cash on the same or
previous day;
paying in large third party cheques endorsed in favour of the
customer;
large cash withdrawals from a previously dormant/inactive account,
or from an account which has just received an unexpected large
credit from abroad;
customers who together, and simultaneously, use separate tellers to
conduct large cash transactions or foreign exchange
transactions;
greater use of safe deposit facilities and increased activity by
individuals; the use of sealed packets deposited and
withdrawn;
companies’ representatives avoiding contact with the branch;
substantial increases in deposits of cash or negotiable instruments
by a professional firm or company, using client accounts or
in-house company or trust accounts, especially if the deposits are
promptly transferred between other client, company and trust
accounts;
customers who decline to provide information that in normal
circumstances would make the customer eligible for credit or for
other banking services that would be regarded as valuable;
insufficient use of normal banking facilities (e.g. avoidance of
high interest rate facilities for large balances); and
large number of individuals making payments into the same account
without an adequate explanation.
Money Laundering using investment related transactions
purchasing of securities to be held by the institution in safe
custody, where this does not appear appropriate given the
customer’s apparent standing;
request by customers for investment management or administration
services (either foreign currency or securities) where the source
of the funds is unclear or not consistent with the customer’s
apparent standing;
large or unusual settlements of securities in cash form; and
buying and selling of a security with no discernible purpose or in
circumstances which appear unusual.
Money Laundering by offshore international activity
customer introduced by an overseas branch, affiliate or other bank
based in countries where production of drugs or drug trafficking
may be prevalent;
use of letters of credit and other methods of trade finance to move
money between countries where such trade is not consistent with the
customer’s usual business;
building up of large balances, not consistent with the known
turnover of the customer’s business, and subsequent transfer to
account(s) held overseas;
unexplained electronic fund transfers by customers, foreign
currency drafts or other negotiable instruments to be issued;
frequent requests for travelers cheques or foreign currency drafts
or other negotiable instruments to be issued; and
frequent paying in of travelers cheques or foreign currency drafts
particularly if originating from overseas.
Money Laundering involving financial institution employees and
agents
changes in employee characteristics, (e.g. lavish lifestyles or
avoiding taking holidays);
changes in employee or agent performance, (e.g. the salesman
selling products for cash has remarkable or unexpected increase in
performance); and
any dealing with an agent where the identity of the ultimate
beneficiary or counterpart is undisclosed, contrary to normal
procedure for the type of business concerned.
Money Laundering by secured and unsecured lending
customers who repay problem loans unexpectedly;
request to borrow against assets held by the institution or a third
party, where the origin of the assets in not known or the assets
are inconsistent with the customer’s standing; and
request by a customer for an institution to provide or arrange
finance where the source of the customer’s financial contribution
to deal is unclear, particularly where property is involved.
Sales and dealing staff
New Business
Although long-standing customers may be laundering money through an
investment business it is more likely to be a new customer who may
use one or more accounts for a short period only and may use false
names and fictitious companies.
Investment may be direct with a local institution or indirect via
an intermediary who “doesn’t ask too many awkward questions”,
especially (but not only) in a jurisdiction where money laundering
is not legislated against or where the rules are not rigorously
enforced.
The following situations will usually give rise to the need for additional enquiries:
a personal client for whom verification of identity proves
unusually difficult and who is reluctant to provide details;
a corporate/trust client where there are difficulties and delays in
obtaining copies of the accounts or other documents of
incorporation;
a client with no discernible reason for using the firm’s service,
e.g. clients with distant addresses who could find the same
services nearer their home base; clients whose requirements are not
in the normal pattern of the firm’s business which could be more
easily serviced elsewhere; and
any transaction in which the counterparty to the transaction is
unknown
Intermediaries
There are many clearly legitimate reasons for a client’s use of an
intermediary. However, the use of intermediaries does introduce
further parties into the transaction thus increasing opacity and,
depending on the designation of the account, preserving anonymity.
Likewise there are a number of legitimate reasons for dealing via
intermediaries on a “numbered account” basis; however, this is also
a useful tactic which may be used by the money launderer to delay,
obscure or avoid detection.
Any apparently unnecessary use of an intermediary in the transaction should give rise to further enquiry.
Dealing patterns & abnormal transactions
The aim of the money launderer is to introduce as many layers as
possible. This means that the money will pass through a number of
sources and through a number of different persons or entities.
Long-standing and apparently legitimate customer accounts may be
used to launder money innocently, as a favour, or due to the
exercise of undue pressure.
Examples of unusual dealing patterns and abnormal transactions may be as follows:
Dealing patterns
A large number of security transactions across a number of
jurisdictions;
Transactions not in keeping with the investor’s normal activity,
the financial markets in which the investor is active and the
business which the investor operates;
Buying and selling of a security with no discernible purpose or in
circumstances which appear unusual, e.g. churning at the client’s
request;
Low grade securities purchased in an overseas jurisdiction, sold
locally and high grade securities purchased with the proceeds;
and
Bearer securities held outside a recognized custodial system.
Abnormal transactions
a number of transactions by the same counter-party in small amounts
of the same security, each purchased for cash and then sold in one
transaction, the proceeds being credited to an account different
from the original account;
any transaction in which the nature, size or frequency appears
unusual, e.g. early termination of packaged products at a loss due
to front end loading; early cancellation, especially where cash had
been tendered or therefund cheque is to a third party;
transfer of investments to apparently unrelated third
parties;
transactions not in keeping with normal practice in the market to
which they relate, e.g. with reference to market size and
frequency, or at off-market prices; and
other transactions linked to the transaction in question which
could be designed to disguise money and divert it into other forms
or to other destinations or beneficiaries.
Settlements
Payment
Money launderers will often have substantial amounts of cash to
dispose of and will use a variety of sources. Cash settlement
through an independent financial adviser or broker may not in
itself be suspicious; however, large or unusual settlements of
securities deals in cash and settlements in cash to a large
securities house will usually provide cause for further enquiry.
Examples of unusual payment settlement may be as follows:
a number of transactions by the same counter-party in small amounts
of the same security, each purchased for cash and then sold in one
transaction;
large transaction settlement by cash; and
payment by way of cheque or money transfer where there is a
variation between the account holder/signatory and the
customer.
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