An alpha particle with kinetic energy 14.0 MeV makes a collision with lead nucleus, but it is not "aimed" at the center of the lead nucleus, and has an initial nonzero angular momentum (with respect to the stationary lead nucleus) of magnitude L=p0b, where p0 is the magnitude of the initial momentum of the alpha particle and b=1.50×10−12 m . (Assume that the lead nucleus remains stationary and that it may be treated as a point charge. The atomic number of lead is 82. The alpha particle is a helium nucleus, with atomic number 2.)

A) What is the distance of closest approach?

B) Repeat for b=1.50×10⁻¹³ m .

C) Repeat for b=1.50×10⁻¹⁴ m .

Various models are used to explain the interactions between science and religion. Discuss the NOMA model and its advantages and disadvantages.

According to Charles Townes, do you find paradoxes in religion and science? Give an example for each subject.

The power (in watts) used to move air out of the lungs is equal to the air pressure (in N/m²) multiplied by the air flow rate (in m³/s). For quiet breathing (where p = 100 N/m² and flow rate = 100 cm³/s or 1.0 x 10^-4 m³/s), the power involved = 0.01 W ; for loud singing (where p = 4000 N/m² and flow rate = 400 cm³/s or 4.0 x 10⁴ m³/s), the power involved = 1.6 W.

In problem P7 (above), we determined that the total power involved in moving the air at a pressure of 4000 N/m² (loud singing) = 1.6 W. The fraction (in %) of this total power that is converted into and radiated as sound = _______ %.

A 40-g block of ice is cooled to

−69°C

and is then added to 570 g of water in an 80-g copper calorimeter at a temperature of 23°C. Determine the final temperature of the system consisting of the ice, water, and calorimeter. (If not all the ice melts, determine how much ice is left.) Remember that the ice must first warm to 0°C, melt, and then continue warming as water. (The specific heat of ice is 0.500 cal/g · °C = 2,090 J/kg · °C.)

1. How does the center of mass velocity of the two objects which collide change during an elastic collision? Inelastic collision? Explain.

2. In an inelastic collision, the forces between the two gliders are equal and opposite according to newtons 3rd law. What makes the energy gained by one object unequal (less) than the energy lost by the other in an inelastic collision?

6. Using Gauss’s Law, find the electric field a distance r from a line of positive charge of infinite length and a constant charge per unit length λ. Draw a diagram, a Gaussian surface and completely prove your answer

The drive propeller of a ship starts from rest and accelerates at 2.56 x 10^-3 rad/s² for 2.48 x 10³ s. For the next 1.47 x 10³ s the propeller rotates at a constant angular speed. Then it decelerates at 2.80 x 10^-3 rad/s² until it slows (without reversing direction) to an angular speed of 2.88 rad/s. Find the total angular displacement of the propeller.

The de Broglie wavelength of a proton in a particle accelerator is 1.81 × 10-14 m. Determine the kinetic energy (in joules) of the proton.

Early test flights for the space shuttle used a "glider" (mass of 940 kg including pilot). After a horizontal launch at 460 km/h at a height of 4000 m , the glider eventually landed at a speed of 200 km/h

What would its landing speed have been in the absence of air resistance?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

What was the average force of air resistance exerted on it if it came in at a constant glide angle of 10 ∘ to the Earth's surface?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

According to Galileo in The Assayer, the “book” of the universe “cannot be understood unless one first learns to understand the language… in which it is written.” Drawing on examples from the text, explain how Galileo’s emphasis on the mathematization of nature distinguishes his conception of science from Bacon’s.

Select True or False for the following statements about electromagnetic waves.

Visible light is often emitted when valence electrons change their state.
Gamma rays can be produced in transitions of an atomic nucleus from one state to another.
Blue light has a longer wavelength than red.
X-rays are produced by a glowing light bulb.
The sun's radiation is most intense in the infrared region.
Ultraviolet radiation causes common sunburn.
A vertical automobile antenna is sensitive to electric fields polarized horizontally.

A car moving at a constant speed collides with a stationary truck at a light and the car bounces backwards as the truck moves forward. Derive the final velocity of the truck.

What happens microscopically when an electrical current starts to flow? I'd like to understand microscopically what happens in detail when electrons start moving (quasi-classically).

Electrons can have different velocity, they can produce electromagnetic fields, leads have free electrons and rigid atom cores and there exist electromagnetic fields. That's all the ingredients you should need?

Electrons only move due to EM fields, so basically this question boils down to what the EM fields look like and how they build up?! In steady state, what is the electric and magnetic field distribution in/around the lead? And what about the transient state?

What happens when you attack a battery to a lead? Are there EM fields between battery poles or why are electrons pushed? How do the EM field start to push electrons along an arbitraritly shaped long lead?

A typical American has a carbon footprint of 40-ish tonnes per year. If somehow, magically, all of that fossil-fuel consumption could be converted to nuclear fission energy, how much nuclear reactor fuel would you need to use? To perform this calculation, look up the energy you get for every carbon triple bond you use up (use that for the carbon mass-to- energy conversion, assming you release one carbon atom for every triple bond broken). You will also need to look up the fission energy per uranium atom, and the mass of the uranium atom, or equivalent.

That is, if an American converts 40 tonnes of carbon fossil-fuel usage per year over to uranium fission reactor nuclear energy, how much uranium would that person use per year? Give your answer in kg.

Now consider nuclear fusion: Look up the energy per atom and atomic mass for fusion reactions, in some ideal future in which fusion is awesome. How much fusion fuel would each American need each year? I prefer this answer in KG.