Hands-on Lab: Air Resistance and Free Fall Name(s): Date: Please use a font color other than black, red or green for your answers. Theory: for several centuries, it was believed that heavy objects fall to the earth at a faster rate than lighter ones. Galileo (1564-1642) performed experiments to show that this was not true. He showed that it was possible for light objects to fall at the same rate as their heavy counterparts. Please watch the following videos for a review. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Kv-U5tjNCY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feFw8Ygn3fk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRhkQTQxm4w https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mCC-68LyZM We now know that in the absence of air resistance, all objects regardless of mass, size or shape, fall at the same rate when dropped from the same height. This was demonstrated on the Moon (where there is no atmosphere, and therefore no air resistance) by the Apollo 15 mission in 1971, as shown in this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVfhztmK9zI The air resistance an object encounters depends on the object’s surface area and its speed. The air resistance is directly proportional to the object’s surface area. As the object’s surface area increases, so does the air resistance it encounters. A light object with a large surface area such as a flat piece of paper will encounter significant air resistance as it falls. This air resistance is relatively large compared to the weight of the paper and will oppose the paper’s motion causing it to fall at a slower rate or with a smaller acceleration. If we were to somehow remove the air resistance the paper encounters (for example, by dropping it in a vacuum), then the paper would fall at the same rate as a heavier compact object such as a book. A heavier object with the same surface area as the paper, such as a book, on the other hand, will encounter a relatively small air resistance compared to its weight, and will fall at a faster rate or with a larger acceleration compared to the paper. In this lab, we will explore the above concepts. Materials needed: one sheet of letter-sized paper (8.5 x 11 inches), a heavy book of the same size, or a book and paper of matching size - that is having similar lengths and widths.   Experiment 1: drop a sheet of paper and a book side by side from the same height at the same time. Important: ensure there are no strong air currents such as those produced by a fan or air conditioner while doing these experiments. Observe what you see and answer the following questions. Please select (highlight in a different color), the best answer from the choices provided. 1. In Experiment 1 we see that a) the sheet of paper falls at the same rate as the book and lands at exactly the same time the book does. b) the sheet of paper falls at a faster rate and hits the floor before the book does. c) the sheet of paper falls at a slower rate and hits the floor after the book does. d) the sheet of paper moves upwards towards the roof, while the heavier book falls straight down to the floor. 2. The observations in Experiment 1 can be best explained as follows: a) The air resistance felt by the paper is small compared to its weight, it therefore does not slow down as much. The air resistance felt by the book is large compared to its weight, it therefore slows down more than the paper and falls at a slower rate than the paper. b) Both the paper and the book feel the same amount of air resistance compared to their weights. Their motion is not affected by air resistance at all. That is why they both hit the floor at the same time. c) The paper is much lighter than the book. This causes the air to push upwards on the paper, and downwards on the book. Therefore, the paper and the book move in opposite directions d) The air resistance felt by the paper is large compared to its weight, this slows it down. The air resistance felt by the book is small compared to its weight, it therefore does not slow down as much. Therefore, the book hits the floor before the paper.   Experiment 2: place the paper beneath the book (against the book’s lower surface) and drop the book and paper at the same time. Observe carefully, and answer the following questions. Please select (highlight in a different color), the best answer from the choices provided. 3. In Experiment 2 we see that a) the book pushes the paper out of the way and falls to the floor several seconds before the paper does. b) the paper and the book fall at the same rate and hit the floor at the same time. c) the paper accelerates to the floor at a much faster rate than the book, and falls several seconds earlier than the book. d) the paper accelerates to the floor at a much slower rate than the book, and falls several seconds after the book. 4. The observations in Experiment 2 can be best explained as follows: a) since the paper is below the book, it has a distance advantage over the book, it needs to travel a shorter distance to the floor than the book does. Therefore, the paper speeds up faster than the book, and hits the floor several seconds before the book does. b) the greater weight of the book pushes the paper out of the way, and the book falls straight down due to gravity due to its greater weight, while the much lighter paper remains floating in the air. c) the greater weight of the book pushes down on the paper, overcoming the air resistance in the path of the paper, and therefore allowing it to fall at the same rate. d) although the paper and book are released at the same time, the paper is lighter and therefore experiences a smaller gravitational acceleration. That is why the paper hits the floor several seconds after the book does.   Experiment 3: drop the book and paper, but this time place the paper on top of the book. Observe carefully, and answer the following questions. Please select (highlight in a different color), the best answer from the choices provided. 5. In Experiment 3 we see that a) the paper being much lighter is left floating at the same place, the book accelerates downwards and hits the floor, while the paper remains floating hardly moving at all. b) the book accelerates to the floor at a much faster rate than the paper, and hits the floor several seconds earlier than the paper. d) the paper accelerates to the floor at a much faster rate than the book, and hits the floor several seconds earlier the book. d) the paper and the book fall at the same rate and hit the floor at the same time. 6. The observations in Experiment 3 can be best explained as follows: a) the paper is several times lighter than the book, therefore the acceleration due to gravity the paper experiences is several times greater than what the book experiences. Therefore, the paper hits the floor several seconds earlier than the book. b) the lightness of the paper enables it to float in the air, the book being much heavier is pulled down by the force of gravity immediately, thus the book falls while the paper floats. c) the book falls through the air before the paper and as it falls it clears the air resistance in the path of the paper, allowing the paper to fall at the same rate. d) the book is several times heavier than the paper, therefore the acceleration due to gravity the book experiences is several times greater than that what the paper experiences. Therefore, the books hits the floor several seconds earlier than the paper.   Experiment 4: crumple the paper to make a compact ball or wad. Now hold the paper and the book side by side, and drop them both from the same height at the same time. Observe carefully, and answer the following questions. Please select (highlight in a different color), the best answer from the choices provided. 7. In Experiment 4 we see that a) the paper starts to spin while falling, this slows it down and it hits the floor several seconds after the book does. b) the paper and the book fall at the same rate and hit the floor at the same time. c) the book accelerates to the floor at a much faster rate than the paper, and hits the floor several seconds earlier than the paper. d) the paper accelerates to the floor at a much faster rate than the book, and hits the floor several seconds earlier the book. 8. The observations in Experiment 4 can be best explained as follows: a) the circular shape of the wad of paper creates an axis of rotation through its center. As it falls, the air pushes up on the paper causing it to rotate about this axis. This drains energy from the paper causing it to fall at a slower rate. Therefore, the paper hits the floor several seconds after the book. b) crumpling up the sheet of paper into a wad reduces its surface area. Due to its smaller surface area, the wad of paper experiences a much smaller air resistance. Since it has the same acceleration due to gravity as the book, it falls at the same rate as the book and hits the floor at the same time. c) the book is several times heavier than the paper, therefore the acceleration due to gravity the book experiences is several times greater than what the paper experiences. The shape of the paper has no effect at all, and thus the book hits the floor several seconds earlier than the paper. d) the paper is several times lighter than the book, and it is also now smaller in size than the book, therefore the acceleration due to gravity the paper experiences is several times greater than that which the book experiences. Therefore, the paper hits the floor several seconds earlier than the book.   Multiple choice questions continued: Please select (highlight in a different color), the best answer from the choices provided. 9. From these experiments we can see that since the paper and book have different masses, a) the acceleration due to gravity that falling objects experience increases proportionally with mass. b) the acceleration due to gravity that falling objects experience decreases proportionally with mass. c) the acceleration due to gravity that falling objects experience increases with mass, but the increase is not proportional to the object’s mass, it is described by another more complicated equation. d) the acceleration due to gravity that falling objects experience does not depend on mass. 10. From these experiments we can see that a) lighter objects fall faster than heavier objects, regardless of how the objects are shaped. b) heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects, regardless of how the objects are shaped. c) in the absence of air resistance, all objects regardless of mass, shape and size, fall at the same rate. d) air resistance is so small in everyday life that it does not affect the motion of light objects such as sheets of paper or feathers and leaves when they fall down to the earth. Problem 1: a) An eagle with a mass of m = 7 kg while high up in the air, falls straight down vertically against an air resistance of R = 70 N. Find the acceleration of the eagle if the force of gravity pulling it down is equal to the air resistance R, in other words if mg = 70 N. (Note: please use g = 10 m/s2 in this problem). Hint: use the equation for Newton’s second law to find the acceleration: (for more information please see section 4.6 of your textbook) Net force = (mass)(acceleration) or in symbols: Fnet = ma We rearrange this equation to solve for the acceleration a: a = Fnet/m In this case if we take the downward direction as positive, then the force of gravity will have a positive sign and the air resistance which is acting upwards in the opposite direction to the force of gravity, will have a negative sign. In the above equation, Fnet is the sum of all forces acting on the object. In this problem, Fnet is the force of gravity (mg) minus the air resistance (R). We can write this in equation form as: Fnet = mg – R We substitute this term for Fnet in the above equation for the acceleration a, to get: a = (mg – R)/m Substitute the given values for all terms on the right hand side to find the acceleration a. Please show the values you substituted, your answer and the units for the answer. Answer: b) Based on your calculated value of the acceleration, what can you say about the speed of the eagle’s descent? Is the eagle moving at all? Justify your answer. Answer: Please enter the names of all group members at the top of this document. Each member of the group must submit a copy of the lab report through their individual eCampus account.

Paragraph 1- Outline a general definition and description of matter. Include descriptive features (as applicable) about the physics concepts – dependent factors, relevant terminology, conventions, common units of measure, etc.

Paragraph 2- Summarize one or more impacts of matter on aviation operations.

Physics/Neuroscience

Using complete sentences and proper vocabulary, describe (in your own words) how neural circuit for knee-jerk reflex works

From your measurements and analysis, and your understanding of the maximum static frictional force, can you come up with an equation that describes how f_smax depends on the normal force? Hint: Is f_smax proportional to the normal force? Is f_smax proportional to the normal force squared? etc.

What is the proportionality constant?   

What are its units?

Does the proportionality constant make sense in terms of the materials of the block and horizontal surface? Explain.

The vector position of a 3.05 g particle moving in the xy plane varies in time according to r with arrow1 = 3i + 3j t + 2jt2 where t is in seconds and r with arrow is in centimeters. At the same time, the vector position of a 5.15 g particle varies as r with arrow2 = 3i − 2it2 − 6jt.

A daredevil college professor wants to jump across a canyon of depth 100m and width 50m on his motorcycle. He uses a ramp inclined at 60 degrees to cross the canyon.The other side of the canyon is 10m lower than his side. Find the Minimum velocity, vo, that his motorcycle should have to make it safely across the canyon. If he jumps with a velocity of vo/3 find out what (x,y) position he would crash

a stunt driver's car is moving at 24.2 m/s along a straight road. The road comes to an abrupt stop 21.2 m before a drop off. The coefficient of friction of the road is 0.712, and the coefficient of friction of the dirt between the road and the drop off is 0.426. What is the minimum distance at which the driver can behin to apply the brakes and still prevent himselff from going over the edge?

1.What is the unit for kinetic energy?

2.A collision in which kinetic energy is conserved is called what?

3. It takes no work to hold a cheerleader in the air, as shown here. If no work is done by the cheerleaders, why do they eventually tire?

A 18.5 µF spherical capacitor is composed of two metallic spheres, one having a radius twice as large as the other. If the region between the spheres is a vacuum, determine the volume of this region.

In reaching her destination, a backpacker walks with an average velocity of 1.38 m/s, due west. This average velocity results because she hikes for 6.44 km with an average velocity of 2.52 m/s, due west, turns around, and hikes with an average velocity of 0.405 m/s, due east. How far east did she walk?

A 50.0 g object is attached to a horizontal spring with a force constant of 5.0 N/m and released from rest with an amplitude of 20.0cm. What is the velocity of the object when it is halfway to the equilibrium position if the surface is frictionless?

(please write out formula used)

A 25 kg suitcase is being pulled with constant speed by a handle that is at an angle of 26 ∘ above the horizontal. If the normal force exerted on the suitcase is 170 N , what is the force F applied to the handle?

An air-filled parallel-plate capacitor has a capacitance of 2.0 F when the plate spacing is 1.6 mm. (a) What is the area of the plates? (b) What is the maximum voltage Vmax that can be applied to this capacitor (before dielectric breakdown occurs)? (c) How much charge is stored on the capacitor when Vmax is across it? (d) How much energy is stored on the capacitor when Vmax is across it? (e) A piece of Plexiglas (with a dielectric constant of 2.1) is inserted between the plates, completely filling the space between the plates, while the capacitor remains connected to a battery of emf equal to Vmax. What are the final, new capacitance, charge, and energy?

Two wooden crates rest on top of one another. The smaller top crate has a mass of m1 = 22 kg and the larger bottom crate has a mass of m2 = 93 kg. There is NO friction between the crate and the floor, but the coefficient of static friction between the two crates is μs = 0.87 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the two crates is μk = 0.68. A massless rope is attached to the lower crate to pull it horizontally to the right (which should be considered the positive direction for this problem).

1) The rope is pulled with a tension T = 481 N (which is small enough that the top crate will not slide). What is the acceleration of the small crate?

2) In the previous situation, what is the frictional force the lower crate exerts on the upper crate?

3) What is the maximum tension that the lower crate can be pulled at before the upper crate begins to slide?

4) The tension is increased in the rope to 1286 N causing the boxes to accelerate faster and the top box to begin sliding. What is the acceleration of the upper crate?

5) As the upper crate slides, what is the acceleration of the lower crate?

Just before it landed on the moon, the Apollo 12 lunar lander had a mass of 1.4×10⁴ kg.

Part A

What rocket thrust was necessary to have the lander touch down with zero acceleration?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.