Snell's Law and the Law of Reflection explain how light is redirected when it encounters a surface between two media. In the extreme, light may only reflect at a boundary, and go back into the medium it was in. More often, some of it reflects and some goes through. If the boundary is plane and flat, then these laws are easy to interpret. When the boundary is curved, they describe happens at every point on the surface.

One of the classic types of glass is called "crown" glass, which has an index of refraction for visible light of 1.52 and is usually free of significant impurities. It was one of the first glasses discovered, and windows are made from it. Another glass is called "flint" glass, and it has lead oxide added, which makes it heavier, more "dispersive", and increases its index of refraction to 1.62.

1. A ray of light enters a flat surface of crown glass at a 25 degree angle to the surface. At what angles do the reflected and refracted rays leave the surface?

2. As in the first part, but for flint glass, what are the angles?

3. For the flint glass, the refracted ray goes through the glass to the other side. If the glass is a parallel slab, what happens when the ray reaches the opposite side from the inside? At what angle to the surface does it exit the glass back into air?

4. What is the smallest angle to the surface that light can have and still be transmitted from the inside to the outside in the case of flint glass? What angle is the light going at as it leaves in that case?

Hint: The laws of reflection and refraction are usually stated in terms of the angles to the perpendicular or "normal" to the surface. These questions are rephrased in terms of the angles to the surface so take care in interpreting the laws and your answers.

A car with a mass of 1160 kg is traveling in a mountainous area with a constant speed of 73.6 km/h. The road is horizontal and flat at point A, horizontal and curved at points B and C. The radii of curvatures at B and C are: rB = 150 m and rC = 105 m. Calculate the normal force exerted by the road on the car at point Now calculate the normal force exerted by the road on the car at point B. And finally calculate the normal force exerted by the road on the car at point C.

A baseball crosses home plate with a velocity of 89.8 miles per hour, at an angle of 30.0 degrees below horizontal, towards the batter. Shortly after, it has been hit by a baseball bat, and now has velocity 99.6 miles per hour at a "launch angle" of 25.0 degrees above horizontal, away from the batter. The ball has mass 0.145 kg, keeping with the Major League Baseball rulebook. Define "from the batter, towards the pitcher" as positive x, and "up" as positive y. (Note: we are assuming that the ball is hit in the direction of the pitcher, versus to the left or right; otherwise this becomes a 3-dimensional problem.)

A. What is the change in the x-component of the ball's linear momentum? Hint: in order to get the correct value, you must (1) split the initial and final velocities into x and y components, (2) convert miles per hour to meters per second, and (3) be careful about which velocities are negative (look at the definitions in the table above).
kg*m/s

B. What is the change in the y-component of the ball's linear momentum?
kg*m/s

C. What is the magnitude of the total change in the ball's linear momentum?
kg*m/s

1. Answer each with three significant figures.

a. A 4.50 cm tall object is placed at a distance of (16.8) cm from a convex lens with a focal length of (12.25) cm. Find the size of the resulting image. Give your answer in centimeters (cm) with the correct sign.

b. A 4.50 cm tall object is placed in front a convex mirror with a focal length of (-5.25) cm. If the magnification is 1/9, what is the distance from the object to the mirror. Give your answer in centimeters (cm).

c.  A (2.50) cm tall object is placed at a distance of (18.20) cm from a convex mirror. The distance from the mirror to its focal point is (15.40) cm. Find the magnification of the image formed by the mirror. Give your answer with the correct sign.

d. A (7.20) cm tall object is placed in front of a convex lens. As a result, an image is with a height of (– 52.0) is produced on a screen placed (77.5) cm from the lens. Find the focal length of the lens. Give your answer in centimeters (cm) with the correct sign.

You are given the job of designing a bridge that is to be made of concrete slabs that rest on a steel support frame. The total length of the bridge is 306 m, and you want to be sure that the expansion joints are sufficiently large. If the temperature increases by 22

A diverging lens has a focal length of 14.0 cm. Locate the images for each of the following object distances. For each case, state whether the image is real or virtual and upright or inverted, and find the magnification. (a) 28.0 cm q = cm (b) 14.0 cm q = cm

Does the Maxwell’s demon violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics? If not, why?

A flywheel with a radius of 0.700m starts from rest and accelerates with a constant angular acceleration of 0.200rad/s2

A. Compute the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on its rim after it has turned through 60.0 ?.

B. Compute the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on its rim after it has turned through 120.0 ?.

I want important notes and equations in chapter 8 physics 1
Related topics:

work done by constant forces

chapter 9:
1. kinetic energy

2. gravitational potential energy

chapter 10:

1. elastic potential energy

2. power

A concave mirror has a focal length of 32.2 cm. The distance between an object and its image is 54.7 cm. Find (a) the object and (b) image distances, assuming that the object lies beyond the center of curvature and (c) the object and (d) image distances, assuming that the object lies between the focal point and the mirror.

This question was prompted by another question about a paper by Woodward (not mine). IMO Mach's principle is very problematic (?wrong) thinking. Mach was obviously influenced by Leibniz. Empty space solutions in GR would result in a Minkowski metric and would suggest no inertia. Mach's principle seems incompatible with GR. Gravitational waves could also be a problem. I had thought that papers like one by Wolfgang Rindler had more or less marginalised the Mach Principle, but I see lots of Internet discussion of it. Is it correct? Wrong? Is there evidence? (frame dragging experiments)?

Let's use this definition from ScienceWorld.Wolfram.com:

In his book The Science of Mechanics (1893), Ernst Mach put forth the idea that it did not make sense to speak of the acceleration of a mass relative to absolute space. Rather, one would do better to speak of acceleration relative to the distant stars. What this implies is that the inertia of a body here is influenced by matter far distant.

A very long, straight wire carries a current of 14.1 A out of the screen. An electron outside the wire is 1.59 cm to the right of the central axis of the wire and is moving with a speed of 5.81×106 m/s. Find the magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron if it is moving directly away from the wire (i.e., rightward). First, find the magnetic field due to the current at the electron's location. Then, calculate the force on the electron.

Find the magnitude of the force on the electron if it is moving parallel to the wire in the direction of the current (i.e., out of the screen)

Would stirring a cup of tea show any sign of a two dimensional vector? This is my own question I am asking. My personal question.

A hungry 177177 kg lion running northward at 84.584.5 km/hr attacks and holds onto a 35.335.3 kg Thomson's gazelle running eastward at 60.660.6 km/hr. Find the final speed of the lion–gazelle system immediately after the attack.

final speed:

m/s

1) An electron has a kinetic energy that is 50% larger than its classical kinetic energy. Electron mass is 0.511 MeV/c^2.

a. What is the speed of the electron expressed in the unit of speed of light c?

b. What is the total energy of the electron expressed in the unit of MeV?

c. What is the kinetic energy of the electron expressed in the unit of MeV?