In: Biology
a. pharmaceuticals in drinking water as its low exposure don't have adverse effect on health. However, microbial resistance, chemical persistence and synergistic effects of various pharmaceuticals are a concern. concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface water and groundwater sources impacted by wastewater discharges are typically less than 0.1 µg/l (or 100 ng/l), and concentrations in treated drinking-water are usually well below 0.05 µg/l (or 50 ng/l).
b. Aquatic organisms may not be the only ones affected. PPCPs in water could be taken up by plant roots and may accumulate in the edible portions of the plant. As water supplies become increasingly scarce due to drought, climate change, and increased use, recycled wastewater for irrigation will become more common. However, using these contaminated waters for agricultural irrigation may introduce wastewater-associated antibiotics and pathogens to irrigated fields. This fact evokes concern about potential uptake and accumulation of PPCP contaminants in plants and the transfer of those contaminants up the food chain
c. EPA do not have control over household waste as people may dispose of their unwanted PPCPs improperly by either dumping them. they do not have proper disadvantages of them.
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