Question

The consequences of the public policymaking process are directly affected by the ethics of those who participate in it. The ethical principle of justice provides much of the foundation for all health policies, whether allocative or regulatory. Justice is often defined as fairness. Opinions vary on the issue of fair distribution of the benefits and burdens involved in the pursuit of health in American society. The three most prominent perspectives on justice are the egalitarian, libertarian, and utilitarian perspectives. Select one of these perspectives and provide an example of how it has been applied to health policy or how it has been proposed that it be applied to health policy.

Answer 1

Public policy making can be defined as a dynamic, complex, and interactive system in which public issues are identified and addressed by the creation of new public policies or by reforming existing public policies.

Public issues can come up in endless ways and require different policy responses at the local, national, or international levels. Social issues affecting public policy may be economic, social or political.

The government has the legal monopoly to initiate or threaten physical forces to achieve its goals when necessary. For example, when there is confusion when making a quick decision.


Public policy making is a nasty and time-consuming "cycle of policy". The main stages of the political cycle are as follows. A problem is identified, a policy response is created, then a satisfactory solution is selected and implemented, and finally the policy is evaluated. However, the evaluation phase deeply assesses what can be learned from the whole process, whether the initial problem is resolved, or what is otherwise suggested as an alternative action. So, giving policymakers a first step. Identification


Each system is influenced by different social issues and issues and has different stakeholders. As such, everyone needs a different public policy.

When formulating public policy, many people, corporations, nonprofits, and interest groups compete and collaborate to influence politicians to act in specific ways.

Many actors in the public policy process, such as politicians, civil servants, lobbyists, domain experts and industry or industry representatives, use different strategies and tools to achieve goals, including advocating public positions. Try training. Supporters and dissidents and mobilize allies on a specific issue.

Many actors may be important in the process of public policy, but ultimately government officials opt for public policy in response to existing public issues or issues. In this way, civil servants must adhere to the public sector ethics and take into account the needs of all stakeholders in the project.

It should be noted, however, that what is propagated in politics can be influenced by the party's political position in power. After the 2008/2009 recession, David Cameron's conservative party sought to tighten its policy in 2010 after winning the general election that year to boost the economy and reduce Britain's national debt. While conservatives view the reduction of public debt as an absolute priority, the Labor Party as a side effect of the conservative economy has emerged, putting forth its policy of unnecessary pressure on the working class and the welfare of the people. This is their presentation for the 2019 elections. Stating that "the trilogy has pushed our public services to a halt" and that "conservatives are hungry for our education funding system." This is a good example of how different political beliefs can influence what is perceived to be most important to voters.

As society has changed in recent decades, so has the system for public policy making. In 2010, the development of public policy focused on measurable results and goals, and focused on decision-making that was to be made immediately.

In addition, mass communication and technological changes, such as the spread of the Internet, have led to more complex and interconnected public systems. This change poses new challenges to the current public policy system and pressure leaders to evolve to remain effective and effective.

Public policy comes from all state institutions and at all levels: legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and executive services at the national, local and state levels. At the federal level, public policy is a law approved by Congress, executive orders issued by the president, decisions issued by the U.S. Supreme Court, and regulations issued by bureaucratic agencies.

At the local level, public policy includes city regulations, fire codes, and traffic laws. They also take the form of written rules and regulations of the city government, such as police, fire departments, road repairs or building inspections. At the state level, public policy includes laws enacted by state law, state court decisions, rules of law.