Question

1.     Which of the following is true of variables?

	a.	Variables only need conceptual definitions.
	b.	Variables are the same as constants.
	c.	All variables can be manipulated.
	d.	Some variables can be either manipulated or measured.

QUESTION 2

When evaluating causal claims, which of the following questions assesses internal validity?

	a.	How well did the experiments manipulate the variables?
	b.	To what populations can we generalize this claim?
	c.	Are the groups large enough to find a significant difference?
	d.	Does the study establish temporal precedence?

QUESTION 3

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4: Dr. Chang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.
Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang’s study?

	a.	the length of the distractor task
	b.	the emotional or neutral content of the words
	c.	the number of words on the list
	d.	the number of words remembered

QUESTION 4

An association claim is made by which of the following statements?

	a.	“Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners.”
	b.	“Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.”
	c.	“Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time.”
	d.	“A majority of Americans like dogs.”

QUESTION 5

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow her to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is she prioritizing?

	a.	the construct validity of the study
	b.	the external validity of the study
	c.	the internal validity of the study
	d.	the statistical validity of the study

QUESTION 6

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Jose and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, “I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied.” Quinn also questions the study, saying, “Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students.” Manish also is curious about the study, asking, “I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?”
Clarissa’s concern is addressing which of the following?

	a.	the study’s construct validity
	b.	the study’s internal validity
	c.	the study’s external validity
	d.	the study’s statistical validity

QUESTION 7

Luke wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

	a.	He must manipulate all of his variables.
	b.	He must conduct an experiment.
	c.	He must measure all of his variables.
	d.	He must make a frequency claim first.

QUESTION 8

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following criteria of causation?

	a.	the criterion of temporal precedence
	b.	the criterion of external validity
	c.	the third-variable criterion
	d.	the criterion of covariance

QUESTION 9

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Alison reads the following headline on an online article: “If You’re Sexist, People Will Think You’re Racist, and Vice Versa.” (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment.
The results of this study can be generalized to which of the following groups?

	a.	African American women
	b.	Individuals receiving unfair treatment
	c.	All minority groups
	d.	White women and African American men

QUESTION 10

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Incera makes the following claim: “Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says.” Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: “Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse.”
Which type of claim is Dr. Incera making?

	a.	association claim
	b.	frequency claim
	c.	causal claim
	d.	anecdotal claim

Answer 1

Some variables can be either manipulated or measured: the independent variable is always manipulated whiile the dependent variable will be measured

2. How well did the experiments manipulate the variables? : internal validity focuses on how well an experiment was conducted and whether the results are solely due to the manipulation of the IV and not due to third factors

3. the emotional or neutral content of the words: the independent variable is the one that is manipulated. In this exoeriment, the IV was manipulated by either having emotional words or neutral words and its effects on the DV which is memory will be measured

4. “Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction.”: association claim refers to finding the relationship between variables but does not make a causal claim

5.the external validity of the study: external validity measures the extent to which results of a study can be applied to other population apart from the participants the study was conducted on