Question

1. Why might you use a separatory funnel in an Organic Chemistry
lab? What is the appropriate way to use one?

2. In an acid-base reaction, what major mechanism is being carried
out?

Answer 1

Basically separating funnel is used for separation of immiscible liquid.

Suppose we have two phases, oneis organic layer and second aqueous layer and we want to separate organic layer. We will be taken the solution in S. F. and shake in horizontal way with our hands and then we remove the lid and allow to stand for proper separation after some times we will be separated org. layer from nozal.

We will be added 20 ml dichloromethane or other solvent in which compound will be dissolved in each step and same procedure will be applied for best separation.

We can use extraction of caffiene through S. F. from tea-leaves also, Nicotine from tobaccoand etc.

2. In Acid-base reaction, neutralization reaction will be occurand it is exothermic,salt will be formed, the enthalpy of reaction depends on types of acid and base involved.

Arrhenius states, proton donor is called acid and hydroxide ion removal is called base.

Strong acid+ strong base = salt +water HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H₂O

Strong acid + weak base =  salt +water   HCl + NH₄OH = NH₄Cl + H₂O

weak acid + weak base =  salt +water CH₃COOH + NH₄OH =CH₃COONH₄ + H₂O

weak acid + strong base =  salt +water   CH₃​COOH + NaOH = CH₃COONa + H₂O

Bronsted-Lowry states proton donor is acid but proton accepter is base.

ex: NH3 + H2O NH₄⁺ +   ^-OH

Base Acid Conj.acid Conj.base

If base is strong than its conj. acid will be weaker and if acid is strong than its conj. base will be weaker and vise-versa.

HCl + H2O H₃O⁺ +   ^-Cl

Str. Acid base Conj.acid weak Conj.base

{Lewis acid acceptor of L.P. of electrons and L. Base donor of l.P.electrons}

[Ag(H₂O)₄]⁺ + 2NH₃ [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ + 4H₂O

Acid Base Complex (salt)