Question

How does the science of genetics relate to the future of biology and society? Discuss examples and techniques employed today.

Answer 1

The human genome is 99.9% is identical, but by reading unique DNA sequences in the genome, we can differentiate one individual from another. Every individual person has a unique variable or short repetitive sequences of DNA are called variable tandem repeats   (VNTRs) and Short tandem repeats (STRs). These sequences or markers do not code for any protein and the presence of these sequences is called genetic polymorphism.

The genome sequencing is helpful in understanding the disease strategies, which it would be helpful in designing newer drugs. The gene expression tests also helpful in determining the specific treatment suitable for the patient, i.e. the personalized medicine. Because the physicians can track the response of the person towards the treatment.

Studying the gene expression in a population provides the valuable information regarding the disease pattern. However, the presence of a gene does not confirm the expression of the gene and produces an expected phenotype. The expression of genes is always influenced by the environment also. And, the gene sequenced genes must be under legal regulations to avoid their misuse. Genetic discrimination can also possible with genome profiling.

The sequencing of whole genome or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of the individual is called DNA typing. It is also called DNA profiling or DNA fingerprinting. Today this procedure is mostly used for forensic studies and every individual has unique DNA profile; however, the monozygotic twins have same DNA profile. The gene profiling is being extensively used in the drug development.