Question

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1. Write your introduction (This includes principles, significance of the study, objectives of the experiment, and how the objectives were achieved. This part must also be in the passive voice and past tense. Introduction must be short but packed with relevant content)

Review the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. You may refer to the following URL: https://www.cellsalive.com/cells/bactcell_js.htm OR search this topic on other preferred websites Describe and illustrate the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram (-) and Gram (+) Answer the following questions:

1. What can be the first step done to identify the organisms present in a sample of stool collected from a patient who is suffering from severe diarrhea?
2. What if the smear you prepare becomes too dense?
3. What is the advantage of the Gram stain over the simple stain?
4. What is the theory about the mechanism of the Gram-stain reaction?
5. What part of the bacterial cell is most involved with Gram staining, and why?
6. What is the function of the iodine solution in the Gram stain? If it were omitted, how would staining results be affected?
7. What is the purpose of the alcohol solution in the Gram stain?
8. What counterstain is used in Gram staining? Why is it necessary? Could colors other than Safranin red be used?
9. Generate your conclusion. (The conclusion should be drawn only from the results and should be justifiable answering the

Properly cite your reference: (This should present all citations in the text, may it be books, web articles or pages, journals, magazines, and unpublished materials, using APA format.)

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Answer 1

What can be the first step done to identify the organisms present in a sample of stool collected from a patient who is suffering from severe diarrhea?

The first step in identification of organism in stool sample is to culture it onto a combination of different agar culture plates that contains selective and differential media which enable primary identification of specific organism. Laboratory routine culture involve salmonella, shigella and campylobacter species. Antibiotic susceptibility testing is done for shigella, typhi and paratyphi of salmonella enterica.

What if the smear you prepare becomes too dense?

Thick smears tend to entrap stain which would be difficult to remove by washing or destaining. It also make it difficult to visualize under microscope by minimizing the amount of light that can pass through. Typical appropriate smear would be a thin whitish layer or film after heat-fixing.

What is the advantage of the Gram stain over the simple stain?

Simple stain uses one dye whereas the Gram staining is a differential stain involves 2 dyes and a destaining procedure which make it more specific in identifying the organism. Hence, the Gram stain categorize bacteria into two groups as Gram positive or Gram negative.

What is the theory about the mechanism of the Gram-stain reaction?

In Gram staining, primary stain is the crystal violet and the secondary stain is also involved and also involve a destaining step. Those which retain crystal violet during solvent treatment are Gram psoitive because of having higher peptidoglycan and lower lipid content than gram-negative bacteria which usually lose the primary stain and take up the secondary one.