Question

A researcher is interested in whether the number of years of formal education is related to a person's decision to never smoke, continue to smoke, or quit smoking cigarettes. The data below represent the smoking status by level of education for residents of the United States 18 years or older from a random sample of 350 residents. Round all numeric answers to four decimal places. Smoking Status Education Level Current Former Never Less than high school 46 12 26 High school 5 21 37 Some College 24 53 126 1. Select the name of the test that should be used to assess the hypotheses: H0: "Smoking Status" is independent of "Education Level" HA: "Smoking Status" is not independent of "Education Level" A. X2 test of independence B. X2 goodness of fit C. X2 test of a single variance 2. Under the null hypothesis, what is the expected number for people with an education of Some college and a smoking status of Current? 3. Calculate the X2 test statistic. 4.What was the contribution of Current smokers who attended Some college toward this test statistic? 5. What are the degrees of freedom for this test? 6. What is the p-value for this test? 7. Based on the p-value, we have: A. extremely strong evidence B. some evidence C. strong evidence D. little evidence E. very strong evidence that the null model is not a good fit for our observed data. 8. Which of the following is a necessary condition in order for the hypothesis test results to be valid? Check all that apply. A. There must be an expected count of at least 5 in every cell of the table. B. There must be at least 10 "yes" and 10 "no" observations for each variable. C. The population data must be normally distributed. D. There must be an observed count of at least 5 in every cell of the table. E. The observations must be independent of one another.

Answer 1

Data:

	Smoking Status
Education Level	Current	Former	Never
Less than High school	46	12	26
High School	5	21	37
Some college	24	53	126

1.

A. X2 test of independence

Expected Value Table:

2.

43.5

3.

= 74.401

4.

8.741

5.

df = (3-1)*(3-1)

= 4

6.

p-value ~ 0

7.

A. extremely strong evidence

8.

A. There must be an expected count of at least 5 in every cell of the table.

E. The observations must be independent of one another.

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