Question # 1: What is the difference between an opioid and a narcotic? Question # 2:...

Question # 1: What is the difference between an opioid and a narcotic?

Question # 2: What is the difference between semisynthetic and fully synthetic opioids?

Question # 3: What is laudanum so important to learn about in the study of drugs addiction science? What makes it different from any other drug used illegally and recreationally in the U.S.?

Question # 4: What are the steps in the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolisms for morphine, codeine, heroin, and acetlycodeine? What is the problem when someone is found t o have morphine-6-glucoronide in their system?. Question # 5: What are the endogenous opioids and their propeptides?

Question # 6: What different types of receptors do the endogenous opioids activate within the central nervous system? What effects do each of these receptors produce?

Question # 7: What are the differences between a pure opiod receptor agonist and antagonist, as well as, a mixed opioid receptor agonist and antagonist?

Question # 8: What is nociception and how is is chemically coded throughout the pathways in the central nervous system?

Question # 9: What are the reinforcing and analgesic effects of opioid receptor agonists?

Question # 10: What is the animal model of conditioned place preference? How and why is this model used in drug addiction science? What information do such tests inform us about?

Solutions

Expert Solution

Question 1

Difference between opioid and narcotic

Opioids	Narcotic
These are semi-synthetic and synthetic molecules	These are natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic
They are a subclass of narcotics	Main class of this category of drugs
These acts of opioid receptors in CNS but these are synthetic	These also act on the opioid receptor and derived from natural source.

The both opioid and narcotics are used to manage the pain (intense pain).

Question 2

Difference between semisynthetic and fully synthetic opioids

Semisynthetic opioids	Fully synthetic opioids
These are derived or synthesized from natural opioids by modifications of functional groups	These are synthesized from a chemical process
Examples are hydromorphone, hydrocodone and heroin and pholcodine.	Examples are fentanyl, pethidine, methadone, tramadol, and loperamide
They produce addiction	They do not develop addiction and dependence

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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