Question

Mastery Problem: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Cost Behavior

Cover-to-Cover Company is a manufacturer of shelving for books. The company has compiled the following cost data, and wants your help in determining the cost behavior. After reviewing the data, complete requirements (1) and (2) that follow.

Units Produced	Total Lumber Cost	Total Utilities Cost	Total Machine Depreciation Cost
13,000 shelves	$143,000	$16,950	$135,000
26,000 shelves	286,000	31,900	135,000
52,000 shelves	572,000	61,800	135,000
65,000 shelves	715,000	76,750	135,000

1. Determine whether the costs in the table are variable, fixed, mixed, or none of these.

Lumber
Utilities
Depreciation

2. For each cost, determine the fixed portion of the cost, and the per-unit variable cost. If there is no amount or an amount is zero, enter "0". Recall that, for N = Number of Units Produced, Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x N) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table with your answers. Round variable portion of cost (per unit) answers to two decimal places.

Cost	Fixed Portion of Cost	Variable Portion of Cost (per Unit)
Lumber	$	$
Utilities
Depreciation

High-Low

Biblio Files Company is the chief competitor of Cover-to-Cover Company in the bookshelf business. Biblio Files is analyzing its manufacturing costs, and has compiled the following data for the first six months of the year. After reviewing the data, answer questions (1) through (3) that follow.

	Units Produced		Total Cost
January	4,360	units	$65,600
February	275		6,250
March	1,000		15,000
April	5,775		88,750
May	1,750		32,500
June	3,015		48,000

1. From the data previously provided, help Biblio Files Company estimate the fixed and variable portions of its total costs using the high-low method. Recall that Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x Number of Units Produced) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table.

Total Fixed Cost	Variable Cost per Unit
$	$

2. With your Total Fixed Cost and Variable Cost per Unit from the high-low method, compute the total cost for the following values of N (Number of Units Produced).

Number of Units Produced	Total Cost
3,500	$
4,360
5,775

3. Why does the total cost computed for 4,360 units not match the data for January?

a. The high-low method is accurate only for months in which production is at full capacity.

b. The high-low method only gives accurate data when fixed costs are zero.

c. The high-low method gives a formula for the estimated total cost and may not match levels of production other than the highest and lowest.

d. The high-low method gives accurate data only for levels of production outside the relevant range.

Contribution Margin

Review the contribution margin income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statements. Complete the following table from the data provided on the income statements. Each company sold 82,800 units during the year.

	Cover-to-Cover Company	Biblio Files Company
Contribution margin ratio (percent)	%	%
Unit contribution margin	$	$
Break-even sales (units)
Break-even sales (dollars)	$	$

Income Statement - Cover-to-Cover

Cover-to-Cover Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
Sales		$414,000
Variable costs:
Manufacturing expense	$248,400
Selling expense	20,700
Administrative expense	62,100	(331,200)
Contribution margin		$82,800
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing expense	$5,000
Selling expense	4,000
Administrative expense	11,700	(20,700)
Operating income		$62,100

Income Statement - Biblio Files

Biblio Files Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
Sales		$414,000
Variable costs:
Manufacturing expense	$165,600
Selling expense	16,560
Administrative expense	66,240	(248,400)
Contribution margin		$165,600
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing expense	$85,500
Selling expense	8,000
Administrative expense	10,000	(103,500)
Operating income		$62,100

Sales Mix

Biblio Files Company is making plans for its next fiscal year, and decides to sell two new types of bookshelves, Basic and Deluxe. The company has compiled the following estimates for the new product offerings.

Type of Bookshelf	Sales Price per Unit	Variable Cost per Unit
Basic	$5.00	$1.75
Deluxe	9.00	8.10

The company is interested in determining how many of each type of bookshelf would have to be sold in order to break even. If we think of the Basic and Deluxe products as components of one overall enterprise product called “Combined,” the unit contribution margin for the Combined product would be $2.31. Fixed costs for the upcoming year are estimated at $328,020. Recall that the totals of all the sales mix percents must be 100%. Determine the amounts to complete the following table.

Type of Bookshelf	Percent of Sales Mix	Break-Even Sales in Units	Break-Even Sales in Dollars
Basic	%		$
Deluxe	%		$

Target Profit

Refer again to the income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statement. Note that both companies have the same sales and net income. Answer questions (1) - (3) that follow, assuming that all data for the coming year is the same as the current year, except for the amount of sales.

1. If Cover-to-Cover Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
$

2. If Biblio Files Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
$

3. What would explain the difference between your answers for (1) and (2)?

a. Biblio Files Company has a higher contribution margin ratio, and so more of each sales dollar is available to cover fixed costs and provide operating income.

b. Cover-to-Cover Company’s contribution margin ratio is lower, meaning that it’s more efficient in its operations.

c. The companies have goals that are not in the relevant range.

d. The answers are not different; each company has the same required sales amount for the coming year to achieve the desired target profit.

Answer 1

Q1
Cover to Cover Company:
Lumber cost:	13000	26000	52000	65000
Total cost		143000	286000	572000	715000
Divide: Units		13000	26000	52000	65000
Lumber cost per unit	11	11	11	11
It is a variable cost
Utilities cost (Mixed cost)
		Cost	Units
High		76750	65000
Low		16950	13000
Change		59800	52000
VC per unit = Change in cost/ Change in units
		59800 /52000 = 1.15 per unit
Fixed cost:
Total cost at 65000 units	76750
Less: variable cost (65000*1.15)	74750
Fixed cost:			2000
Depreciation is a fixed cost
Req2.
		Fixed	Variable per unit
Lumber		0	11
Utilities		2000	1.15
Depreciation	135000	0
Total		137000	12.15
Total cost = 137000+ 12.15x