Question

1.What are BRCA1 and BRCA 2? Discuss their role in cancer (be specific, include info about types cancers, ethnic groups, and any other relevant information!)

2.What are monoclonal antibodies as it relates to cancer or cancer treatment? 

3.What are cytokines; what role do they play in cancer treatment? Give an example of one in your answer.

4.Discuss one risk factor and the cancer it can cause. 
5.What is gene therapy? 

6.Give examples of what could trigger apoptosis. ።

Answer 1

1. BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene present in human responsible for coding protein breast cancer type 1, found in all humans; also known as susceptibility protein, is accountable for DNA repairing whereas BRCA2 is too tumor suppressor gene present in human. Also, known as breast cancer type 1.

Both the gene when get mutated, involved the risk of breast cancer. This mutation is both the genes are inherited from one generation to another. These gene when get mutated result in the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. However, BRCA1 associated mutation are more harmful, responsible for causing triple-negative breast cancer, that is difficult to treat than cancer caused by BRCA2.

2. Monoclonal antibodies in cancer that specifically target a certain antigen, that are found on cancer cells. These antibodies are made in the lab. Some of the monoclonal antibodies available in the market are adalimumab, alemtuzumab.

3. Cytokines are the small proteins that involved in the cell signalling of immune pathway. For example, Interleukin 2 is a cytokine to prevent autoimmune diseases and to target immune cells, viz T-cells and B-cells, to respond to tumors.

5. Gene therapy , involve the replacement of disease causing gene in an individual with the normal functional gene.