In: Chemistry
Create a study sheet for organic functional groups. Would be so grateful if someone could check what I have and add anything else that comes to mind:
1. Alcohols: R-OH
Polar, hydrogen bond so are very soluble in water.
Protonate with acid. -OH becomes good leaving group by conjugate base
Deprotonate with Strong Base
2. Ether: R-O-R
Slightly polar, low reactivity
Acts as Lewis Base in Strong Acid
3. Amine: R-N-H2 (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Base.
Polar, hydrogen bond so are very soluble in water.
If 4th bond becomes a positively charged intermediate
4. Ester: RCOOR
CH4 is weakly acidic, deprotonate with Strong Base.
Weakly electrophilic Carbonyl Carbon, requires Strong Nucleophile to attack
5. Amide RCONH2
Can Hydrogen Bond, but are only water-soluble if small amides
6. Hemiacetal/hemiketal:
Polar, soluble in water. Not electrophilic.
7. Mesyl/Tosyl Groups:
Nonpolar
Basic
Good Nucleophiles
8. Hydrazine/hydrozone: N-N or R-N-N
Basic
Solvent ?
Good Nucleophiles.
Good Lewis Bases
9. Nitrile: CN-
Slightly polar
Strong Nucleophile
10. Epoxide:
Slightly polar
Basic
11. enamine/imine:
Slightly Polar
Basic
Good Nucleophile
12. Nitro: RNO2
Polar
Good Electrophile and Nucleophile
13. Nitroso: N-O
Polar
Strong Nucleophile and base
14. Oxime:
Very Polar, Hydrogen bonding, very soluble in water
All of your assumptions are correct and enough for given functional groups.
1. Alcohols: R-OH
Polar, hydrogen bond so are very soluble in water.
Protonate with acid. -OH becomes good leaving group by conjugate base
Deprotonate with Strong Base
2. Ether: R-O-R
Slightly polar, low reactivity
Acts as Lewis Base in Strong Acid
3. Amine: R-N-H2 (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Base.
Polar, hydrogen bond so are very soluble in water.
If 4th bond becomes a positively charged intermediate
4. Ester: RCOOR
CH4 is weakly acidic, deprotonate with Strong Base.
Weakly electrophilic Carbonyl Carbon, requires Strong Nucleophile to attack
5. Amide RCONH2
Can Hydrogen Bond, but are only water-soluble if small amides
6. Hemiacetal/hemiketal:
Polar, soluble in water. Not electrophilic.
7. Mesyl/Tosyl Groups:
Nonpolar
Basic
Good Nucleophiles
8. Hydrazine/hydrozone: N-N or R-N-N
Basic
Solvent ?
Good Nucleophiles.
Good Lewis Bases
9. Nitrile: CN-
Slightly polar
Strong Nucleophile
10. Epoxide:
Slightly polar
Basic
11. enamine/imine:
Slightly Polar
Basic
Good Nucleophile
12. Nitro: RNO2
Polar
Good Electrophile and Nucleophile
13. Nitroso: N-O
Polar
Strong Nucleophile and base
14. Oxime:
Very Polar, Hydrogen bonding, very soluble in water