Geoffrey, a 40-year old sedentary, heavy-smoking white male, suffers from chronic hypertension (on average >140/95 mmHg)....

Geoffrey, a 40-year old sedentary, heavy-smoking white male, suffers from chronic hypertension (on average >140/95 mmHg). He is currently taking antihypertensive monotherapy and aspirin, and frequently complains of a drug-induced dry cough and taste disturbance. His daughter has brought him to the emergency room as he presented with shortness of breath, fatigue, and muscle weakness. After testing, the medical team diagnoses him with heart failure, and start emergency treatment following a standardised pharmacotherapy algorithm, though maintains the use of his antihypertensive treatment. Based on his clinical presentation, i) describe the drug classes (including a relevant example from each) he will be taking for heart failure, and iii) explain how each would physiologically treat his heart failure.

Expert Solution

1) the drug classes used would be

ACE inhibitors (Angiotensin-converting enzymes) example captopril
Angiotensin receptor blockers example losartan
Diuretics - Bummetanide, tarsanide
Digoxin
Beta-Blockers - carvedilol, bisoprolol
Aldo sterone antagonists - Spironolactone

2) ACE inhibitors -

Vasodilation is created by ACE inhibitors by preventing the synthesis of angiotensin II. The vasoconstrictor is produced mostly by the proteolytic function of renin.
These function by inducing relaxing of the blood vessels as well as a reduction in blood flow, which contributes to lower blood pressure and decreased need for oxygen from the heart.

Angiotensin Binding blockers

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medicines that prevent angiotensin II from binding on the muscular surrounding blood vessels to angiotensin II receptors. As a result, blood vessels increase (dilate) and blood pressure decreases.

Diuretics - Promote excess loss of fluids by preventing sodium reabsorption in the nephron of the kidney

Beta blocker- They lower the hormone epinephrine. Thereby lowering heartbeat rate and blood flow.

Digoxin -Inhibits ATPase and increases heartbeat force and stabilizes it. They are used selectively.

ALdosterone antagonists - These drugs prevent the body from developing too much of the heart-damaging hormone aldosterone.

gladiator answered 1 year ago

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