Question

There are a number of credible sources of information that someone could use to learn more about the science of a topic like cancer. The Internet is often a good place to start, but you have to be careful about whether a source of information is reliable. The C.R.A.P. Test () is a useful tool to check the Currency, Reliability, Authority, and Purpose of Internet sources. Here are a few sites you can begin with, but there are certainly many others. Use the websites and videos to learn more about cancer and find information that will help you answer the questions below.

Websites • American Cancer Society: • Cancer Quest: • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: • Medline Plus: • National Cancer Institute: • Susan G. Komen Foundation: Videos • Amoeba Sisters. “The Cell Cycle and Cancer” (7:41) • Cancer Treatment Centers of America. “What is Cancer?” (6:35) • CancerQuest. “Animated Introduction to Cancer Biology (Full Documentary)” (12:07) • Healthchanneltv. “Breast Cancer—Symptoms and Treatments” (2:34)

Questions

1. What is cancer and how does it relate to the cell cycle?

2. What are proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, and how do they contribute to cancer?

3. What are some things that might make a person have a higher risk of developing cancer?

4. What are some of the major steps that occur in the progression from a single cancer cell to a tumor and then to many tumors spreading throughout the body?

5. As tumors grow and spread, the cells undergo a number of changes. How might the cells in a late-stage tumor be different from the original cell that became cancerous?

6. Why are different types of cancers named based on where in the body they originate (breast cancer, skin cancer, bone cancer, etc.)? Why does it matter from which organ or tissue type cancer developed?

Please answer the questions and use reliable sources to back up your answer that are shown in the text above. And answer ALL questions 1-6, thank you.

Answer 1

1. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissues. Cell cycle machinery controls growth and proliferation of cell, which get disturbed in cancer.

2. Proto-oncogene are non cancerous present normally. Due to some mutation or viral infection, it get converted to oncogene and become cancerous. Tumor suppressor genes, normally prevent overproliferation and control cell growth.

3. Higher risks of developing cancer is: person may be exposed to radiation or carcinogenic chemicals. It also may occur due to tobacco use or viral infection. This alter the DNA sequence.

4. The mutation in cell, leads to resistance against tumor suppressor gene and proliferate uncontrollably. Suddenly it forms a bunch of cell called tumor. Tumor may be benign or malignant. Malignant tumor migrates from origin place to different location. This is called metastasis.

5. Initially, alteration takes place in normal cell which makes it cancerous. In late stages, it is characterized by large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce,etc.

6. Different types of cancer have different treatment strategies. Based on their location of origin, it is named. This makes treatment easy.

Breast Cancer: ductal or lobular carcinoma

Bone cancer: osteosarcoma

Skin cancer: melanoma.

Blood cancer: leukemia.