Question

Please answer the following question in a paragraph form

address the issue of the stakeholder perspective and provide recommendations on how this industry should proceed in regards to self-driving trucks.

1.

Apply the Three Levels of Stakeholder framework, from Business Ethics A Managerial Approach. book

to this case. Discuss how the stakeholders involved should consider this innovation based on this framework.

2.

Include recommendations on how decisions that regard the use of innovations such as the self-driving truck have on stakeholders and society with reference to two-three of the points.

Answer 1

1) The three levels are as follows:

1. The profitable goals of a company are its Value Proposition.

2. The methods by which a company achieves its profitable goals are its

Principles for Stakeholder Cooperation.

3. The methods by which a company notes and adheres to its community’s

values are its Respect for Societal Standards of Conduct.

2) Requirements Challenges Recommendations
Safety • Trade-off between safety and other aspects like economic
aspects
• Boundaries of autonomy of self-driving cars and human
(passenger) interactions
• Police control and possibility of intervention with
self-driving cars
• Systemic solutions to guarantee safety in organizations
(regulations, authorities, safety culture)
• Assure means to guarantee that safety is not sacrificed because
of other aspects (this is not so different from today. This can
happen also for the braking system of non-autonomous cars)
• It should be specified how a self-driving car will behave in cases
that the car is not able to deal autonomously. In the future
passengers will be able to drive a car
• There is the need of clarifying the relationship of police and
self-driving cars
• New techniques and standards are necessary to guarantee safety
in self-driving cars that will continuously update their software
Security • Identification and declaration of minimal necessary security
requirements, that work as a threshold for deployment of
self-driving cars
• Security in systems and connections
• Deployment of software updates
• Storing and using received and generated data in a secure
way
• Provide technical solutions that will guarantee minimum
security under all foreseeable circumstances
• Anticipate and prevent worst case scenarios regarding security
breaches
• Continuous learning process must be in place to provide active
security
• Assure accessibility of the data even in the case of accidents so
that it could be analyzed and lessons learned.
Privacy • Trade-off between privacy and data collection/recording
• Use of technology that detects humans near/around the car,
even if those humans do not carry any kind of electronics
• Following/applying legal frameworks to protect personal data,
such as Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament [

• Justify the use of collected data through a transparent decision
making process
Trust • How trust between both software and hardware components
of complex systems can be implemented is not clear
• Further research on how to implement trust across multiple
systems
• Provide trusted connections between components as well as
external services
Transparency • Information disclosure, what and to whom
• Transparency of the ecosystem
• Management of intellectual property rights
• Ensure transparency and provide insight into decision making
• Actively share knowledge, gained by "learning through
experience", to ensure the interoperability of systems and services.
• Transparency is a prerequisite for the herein introduced
challenges, since it is the key to potentially undisclosed
background information
Reliability • Reliability of required networks and solution for the case
when the network is unavailable
• Reliability of sensors, and need for redundancy
• Way to determine when a car is not reliable anymore
• Define different levels for reliability (diagnostics, vehicle input
sensors, external services)
• Determine reliability for components and the overall car
Responsibility
and
Accountability
• Responsibility and accountability in case of incidents and
accidents
• Responsibility that car software follows ethical principles
• Consider research and learn from robotics, i.e. Roboethics [23]
• Support development of solutions, e.g. by contributing to
existing approaches [19]
Quality
Assurance (QA)
Process
• Quality of components
• Quality of decision making
• Lifetime and maintenance
• Trade-offs between non-transparent processes and external
QA control of adherence of ethical principles/guidelines
• Ethical deliberations must be included in the process of design
and development of self-driving cars
• Ethics-aware decision making must be part of the process to