Question

Open the State of the States data set and codebook, and answer the following questions.

1. Calculate the following univariate statistics for the variable, childabuserate (i.e., maximum, minimum, mean, standard deviation (STDEV), and skewness (SKEW). Be sure to determine N (the sample size) for this variable.

2. Diagram, by hand, the shape, mean, minimum & maximum values of child abuse rate. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary.

3.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary. An example 5 number summary paragraph is given at the end of this assignment.

4. Calculate the following univariate statistics for the variable – marriagerate (i.e., maximum, minimum, mean and/or median, standard deviation (STDEV), and skewness (SKEW). Be sure to determine N (the sample size) for this variable.

5. Diagram, by hand, the shape, minimum & maximum, and appropriate measure of central tendency values of marriage rate. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary. You are welcome to construct a box plot if you wish. Note that the 25^th percentile (i.e., 1^st quartile) for this variable is 5.85%; the 75^th percentile (i.e., 3^rd quartile) is 7.65%.

6.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary.

7. Using the Excel output given toward the end of this assignment (Table 1), diagram, by hand, the shape, minimum & maximum, and appropriate measure of central tendency values for the variable, minority population. In other words, draw, by hand, a figure for a 5 number summary. You are welcome to construct a box plot if you wish.

8.   Write a full paragraph giving the information in the 5 number summary in text format, and explain the conclusions that might be drawn from the 5 number summary.

Read the results section of the article due to be read for Session 4 – Leonard (2004) - and answer the following questions.

9. According to Table 1, how many graduates and how many defectors were there in the study?

10. Table 2 contains the demographic characteristics of study participants. How many males (be sure to include both graduates and defectors) and females participated in the study? Which gender was more likely to graduate from the program?

11. The 3 most common official reasons for defection from the program were what? On average, how long did defectors actually remain in the program?  

12. What differences and similarities existed between graduates and defectors with regard to their educational characteristics?

Table 1. Microsoft Excel output for the variable Minoritypopulation from the State of the States data set for use in Questions 7 and 8.

Minority Population (%)
Mean	20.48
Standard Error	1.86
Median	16.80
Mode	#N/A
Standard Deviation	13.28
Sample Variance	176.29
Kurtosis	4.68
Skewness	1.77
Range	69.30
Minimum	4.60
Maximum	73.90
Sum	1044.50
Count	51.00
25th Percentile	11.75
75th Percentile	27.20

Example Paragraph for a 5 number summary

This paragraph is for the variable child mortality rate for countries of the world

       The sample was 195 countries in the data set. However, 4 countries did not provide data on their child mortality rates, resulting in a sample size of 191. The skew of the data was 1.0, indicating that the data were positively skewed. The mean child mortality rate was 31/1000 (SD = 28.2). The country with the lowest child mortality rate was Monaco, with a rate of 1.8 deaths/1000 births. The country with the highest child mortality rate was Afghanistan, with a mortality rate of 121.6/1000. The majority of countries of the world have relatively low child mortality rates (i.e., less than 31/1000), although there are a few countries (e.g., Afghanistan) who have much higher mortality rates.

State of the States codebook

The data in the State of States data set primarily consists of data about the states of the U.S. collected between 2010-2013. Exceptions are noted.

51 cases/observation, 39 variables

1. State

2. Geographic region (e.g., south, west, northeast, Midwest, northeast – 5 levels)

3. Geographic regions of US used by Census bureau (e.g., pacific, north east – 9 levels)

4. Geographic size of state (in square miles)

5. State population (collected 2014)

6. Popgrowthrate – population growth rate – yearly increase/decrease in population size from previous year (2013)

7. GDP2012 – State gross domestic product for 2012 – measure of strength of economy

8. Bankrupt – number of bankruptcies in a state in 2013

9. State2 (same as variable 1)

10. Divorcerate – divorce rate – number of divorces per 1,000 people

11. Marriagerate = marriage rate – number of marriages per 1,000 people

12. MtoFratio = male to female ratio – how many males there are for each 100 females (a number that is more than 100 means there are more males than females; a number under 100 means there are more females than males.)

13. MinorityPOP% - percentage of the population that is of minority status (i.e., is non white). A value of 50% means that minorities make up 50% of a states population.

14. MeanANNPay = mean annual pay/salary

15. Unemployrate = unemployment rate = percentage of employable adults in the labor force who are unemployed.

16. Alcohol = amount of alcohol consumed in 1 year per Adult 21 Years and Older IN GALLONS)

17. Deaths = death rate – number of deaths in 1 year per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal point to the left 3 places. For example, a death rate of 933.7 [for Alabama] means that approximately .944 people died out of 100, or .94%

18. Infantdeathrate = infant mortality rate – number of infant deaths for each 1000 live births

19 obeseadults – the percentage of the state adults who are either overweight or obese

20. costnewhousing = cost of a new house – average cost of a new house

21. state 3 – Same variable as state

22. imprisonmentrate – rate of imprisonment – number of state prisoners per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example, for Alabama, 650 would produce a percentage rate of .65% (about 2/3 of a percent)

23. Violentcrimerate = rate of violent crimes – number of violent crimes per 100,000 population in previous year. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example, for Alabama, 449.9 would produce a percentage rate of .4499% or .45% (less than ½ of a percent).

24. childabuserate – rate of child and neglect incidents per 1,000 population. To convert a value to a percentage, move the decimal 1 point to the left. So, for Alaska, a value of 15.6 would produce a value of 1.56 or 1.6%

25. LEPS = law enforcement personal – number of law enforcement personnel in state

26. LEAs = law enforcement agencies – number of law enforcement agencies in a state

27. Deathpenalty = death penalty status – does a state have the death penalty? (1 = yes, 0 = no).

28. Executions – actual number of executions by a state in 2011

29. deathrow – number of inmates on death row in a state

30. meanPcost = mean prisoner cost – estimated mean cost of housing a prisoner for one year (in US dollars).

31. murderrate = murder rate – number of murders in past year per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left. For example,

for Alabama, 7.1 would produce a percentage rate of .0071 (less than 1/100 of a percent).

32. F Robberies – firearms related robberies – number of robberies using firearms per 100,000. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left.

33. F Assaults = firearms related assaults – number of assault using firearms per 100,000 population. To convert to a percentage, move the decimal 3 places to the left.

34. state 4 (same as variable 1).

35. fedhouseseats – number of seats that a state has in the Federal house of representatives

36. Housecontrol = which party (Republican or Democrat) has control of both houses of a state legislature (R = republicans have both, D = Democrats have both, S = Split; each party controls one part of the state legislature). Non indicates that a state legislature is not party based. As of 2012 elections. Will change in November 2014

37. Abortions – actual number of abortions reported in a state

38. Abort1000B – number of abortions in a state per 1000 birth

39 Abort1000W – number of abortions in a state per 1000 women

DATA SETS:

State	Census Region	Census Division	State Size (squ. mi)	Population2014	POPgrowthrate	GDP2015	Bankrupt	State2	Divorcerate	MarriageRate	MtoFratio	MinorityPOP%	MeanANNpay	Unemployrate	Alcohol	Deaths	InfantDeathRate	Obeseadults	Costnewhousing	State	ImprisonmentRate	ViolentCrimeRate	Childabuserate	LEPs	LEAs	DeathPenalty	Executions	DeathRow	MeanPCost	MurderRate	F Robberies	F Assaults	State	FedHouseSeats	Housecontrol	Abortions	Abort1000B	Abort1000W
Alabama	South	southeastcentral	52,419	731,449	1.13	209,382	27678	Alabama	4.3	8.4	94.2	30	41990	6.1	2.2	933.7	8.7	67.8	178218	Alabama	650	449.9	8.5	1990	40	1	6	196	12117	7.1			Alabama	7	R	11,268	175	12
Alaska	West	Pacific	587,878	4,822,023	3.51	54,256	638	Alaska	4.8	7.8	108.9	32.5	50614	6.4	3.3	747.9	3.8	64.8	239547	Alaska	401	603.2	15.6	16185	342	0	0		49177	4.1	18.19	80.47	Alaska	1	R	1,759	154	12
Arizona	West	Mountain	114,007	6,553,255	3.67	298,204	24046	Arizona	3.9	5.7	98.9	15.7	45593	7.6	2.7	688.9	6	62	216680	Arizona	583	428.9	6.2	20759	108	1	4	130	28963	5.5	50.24	57.36	Arizona	9	R	10,660	107	8
Arkansas	South	southwestcentral	53,183	2,949,131	1.49	123,424	12580	Arkansas	5.3	10.4	96.5	20	38226	7.4	1.9	894.6	7.3	68.7	166001	Arkansas	494	469.1	15.7	9074	276	1	0	39	20240	5.9	45.45	100.56	Arkansas	4	R	4,788	118	9
California	West	Pacific	158,648	38,041,430	2.90	2,448,467	149203	California		5.8	98.9	26.3	56784	8.3	2.6	638.8	4.7	60.3	227470	California	351	423.1	8.2	116797	463	1	0	705	32443	5	42.97	45.39	California	53	D	181,730		23
Colorado	West	Mountain	104,185	5,187,582	4.76	318,600	23976	Colorado	4.4	7	100.8	11.9	50563	6.2	3.1	677.8	5.9	55.7	216046	Colorado	392	308.9	8.5	16700	235	1	0	3	31889	3.1	25.74	45.72	Colorado	7	D	11,581	165	11
Connecticut	Northeast	NewEngland	5,006	3,590,347	0.62	262,212	7321	Connecticut	3.1	5.5	95.1	18	62085	7.4	2.7	660.9	5.3	62.3	195449	Connecticut	333	283	10.3	10254	103	0	0	10	48414	4.1	34.85	20.06	Connecticut	5	D	14,442	357	21
Delaware	South	SouthAtlantic	2,026	917,092	3.10	66,150	3581	Delaware	3.6	5.2	94	28.6	51734	6.2	4	763.4	7.7	66	121460	Delaware	448	547.4	11.4	3139	54	1	1	18	27288	6.2	69.67	81.36	Delaware	1	D	4,603	381	26
District of Columbia	South	SouthAtlantic	68	646,469	7.43	122,936	855	District of Columbia	2.9	8.7	89.7	57.1	82783	8.1	4.3	756	7.9	51.9	85987	District of Columbia		1243.7	19.6	4919	2	0	0		32308	13.9	242.56	87.7	District of Columbia			2,553	280	17
Florida	South	SouthAtlantic	65,755	19,317,568	4.00	893,189	77923	Florida	4.5	7.4	95.7	21.7	43211	6.2	2.8	677.1	6.5	62.1	209528	Florida	524	487.1	13.3	71906	357	1	2	393	26287	5.2			Florida	27	R	86,817	375	25
Georgia	South	SouthAtlantic	58,390	9,919,945	3.14	501,241	60305	Georgia		6.6	95.7	37.2	46267	7.4	2.2	806.2	6.4	64.6	156820	Georgia	542	378.9	7.5	34432	458	1	4	96	24172	5.9	72.48	58.64	Georgia	14	R	35,888	245	11
Hawaii	West	Pacific	6,459	1,392,313	3.22	79,595	2313	Hawaii		17.6	101.7	73.9	43385	4.5	2.8	584.8	6.2	56.1	263360	Hawaii	273	239.2	4.6	3733	4	0	0		35376	2.1			Hawaii	2	D	3,273	168	13
Idaho	West	Mountain	83,574	1,595,728	2.84	65,202	5643	Idaho	4.9	8.6	100.2	6.2	36152	5.7	3	744.9	4.8	62.6	185447	Idaho	499	207.9		4251	108	1	1	13	24694	1.8	3.41	23.43	Idaho	2	R	1,481	59	5
Illinois	Midwest	Northeastcentral	56,343	12,875,255	0.40	771,896	68125	Illinois	2.6	5.6	96.4	22.1	52194	8.6	2.7	737.3	6.8	63.9	203779	Illinois		414.8	9	46335	690	0	0		29357	5.8	2.26	5.26	Illinois	18	D	47,717	270	18
Indiana	Midwest	Northeastcentral	36,185	6,537,334	1.34	331,126	34495	Indiana		6.8	97	13.4	41240	6.9	2.3	825	7.6	65.5	172535	Indiana	440	345.7	12.7	15851	244	1	0	12	30627	4.7	53.14	29.91	Indiana	9	R	10,999	124	9
Iowa	Midwest	Northwestcentral	56,276	3,074,186	1.45	171,532	5892	Iowa	2.4	6.7	98.4	7.2	40343	4.2	2.6	722.7	4.9	64.7	181574	Iowa	282	263.9	14.9	7573	235	0	0		36844	1.5	7.31	21.95	Iowa	4	S	6,475	161	11
Kansas	Midwest	Northwestcentral	82,282	2,885,905	1.43	149,090	8604	Kansas	3.9	6.3	98.9	12.8	41118	4.9	2.2	767.2	6.2	65.6	175247	Kansas	325	354.6	2.6	10058	320	1	0	9	33743	2.9	24.86	76.87	Kansas	4	R	10,604	253	19
Kentucky	South	southeastcentral	40,411	4,380,415	1.29	194,578	18672	Kentucky	4.4	7.5	97.1	11.4	40451	8	2	910.3	6.8	66.9	131033	Kentucky	489	222.6	16.7	9063	287	1	0	34	24759	4.5	39.77	25.14	Kentucky	6	S	4,272	73	5
Louisiana	South	southwestcentral	47,720	4,601,893	2.03	253,517	15972	Louisiana		6.4	95.8	36.3	43300	5.7	2.9	882.1	7.6	69.5	180180	Louisiana	893	496.9	7.6	20593	181	1	0	87	18666	10.8	63.48	99.51	Louisiana	6	R	6,816	104	7
Maine	Northeast	NewEngland	33,128	1,329,192	0.00	55,137	2575	Maine	4.2	7.2	95.8	4.7	38606	6.2	2.8	749.5	5.4	64.2	176939	Maine	145	122.7	14.2	2819	135	0	0		51143	1.9	5.8	4.52	Maine	2	D	2,623	193	11
Maryland	South	SouthAtlantic	10,455	5,884,563	2.69	365,209	23193	Maryland	2.9	5.8	93.9	39.2	54035	6.1	2.5	715.9	6.8	63.8	157246	Maryland	360	476.8	9.7	20453	131	0	0	5	33751	6.3	79.71	41.18	Maryland	8	D	34260		29
Massachusetts	Northeast	NewEngland	8,262	6,646,144	2.22	478,941	13201	Massachusetts	2.7	5.5	94	16.3	60898	7	2.9	676.1	4.4	58.8	254385	Massachusetts	199	405.5	13.7	19771	341	0	0		39448	1.8	27.84	33.19	Massachusetts	9	D	23,883	310	18
Michigan	Midwest	Northeastcentral	58,513	9,883,360	0.12	468,029	44032	Michigan	3.4	5.7	96.4	19.9	46720	8.4	2.6	784.2	7.1	65.7	203378	Michigan	441	454.5	14.7	23744	603	0	0		42580	7	55.95	86.41	Michigan	14	R	25,970	214	13
Minnesota	Midwest	Northwestcentral	84,397	5,379,139	2.20	334,780	15003	Minnesota		5.6	98.7	13.5	49349	4.6	2.8	659.2	4.5	63	214740	Minnesota	184	230.9	3.3	13409	321	0	0		57384	1.8	20.11	22.52	Minnesota	8	R	12,948	179	8
Mississippi	South	southeastcentral	47,695	2,984,926	0.81	106,880	12938	Mississippi	4	4.9	94.4	40.1	35875	8	2.5	956.2	9.7	68.9	150698	Mississippi	717	260.8	10.2	6216	134	1	2	57	16925	7.4	60.07	51.69	Mississippi	4	D	2,772	62	5
Missouri	Midwest	Northwestcentral	69,709	6,021,988	0.92	290,713	25951	Missouri	3.9	6.6	96.1	16.1	42695	5.9	2.8	811.4	6.6	65.8	164407	Missouri	518	450.9	3.3	20158	560	1	1	46	19467	6.5	52.47	88.9	Missouri	8	D	7,413	92	6
Montana	West	Mountain	147,047	1,005,141	2.60	45,799	1851	Montana	4	7.8	101	10.3	37096	5.2	3.2	760.7	5.9	61.3	154381	Montana	358	272.2	6	3022	112	1	0	2	31528	2.7	3.78	29.03	Montana	1	D	2,125	169	12
Nebraska	Midwest	Northwestcentral	77,359	1,855,525	2.31	112,208	5362	Nebraska	3.5	6.6	98.8	10.1	39268	3.6	2.6	719.8	5.3	65	161325	Nebraska	247	259.4	8.4	4893	156	1	0	11	33787	2.9	25.44	33.84	Nebraska	3	Non	2,813	104	8
Nevada	West	Mountain	110,567	2,758,931	3.32	141,204	14483	Nevada	5.6	36.9	101.7	22.9	43667	8.8	3.8	789.6	5.6	62.5	156546	Nevada		607.6	8.2	8325	26	1	0	81	23318	4.5	69.77	53.3	Nevada	4	D	10,789	273	21
New Hampshire	Northeast	NewEngland	9,283	1,320,718	0.53	71,632	3376	New Hampshire	3.8	7.1	97.6	5.6	48272	5.1	5.3	710	4	62.1	220205	New Hampshire	211	187.9	3.3	3473	155	1	0	1	31615	1.1	9.83	15.14	New Hampshire	2	S	3200		13
New Jersey	Northeast	Midatlantic	7,790	8,864,590	1.22	579,379	28882	New Jersey	2.9	4.8	95.2	26.2	58644	7.3	2.7	690.6	4.8	61.6	133248	New Jersey	261	290.2	4.5	36854	538	0	0		46686	4.4	49.87	26.94	New Jersey	12	D	28,480	253	16
New Mexico	West	Mountain	121,599	2,085,538	1.27	90,810	4502	New Mexico	3.3	8	98.1	16.8	40698	6.4	2.7	748	5.6	62.8	164263	New Mexico	315	559.1	11.4	6181	112	0	0	2	44741	5.6	34.96	87.26	New Mexico	3	D	5,398	179	14
New York	Northeast	Midatlantic	49,112	19,570,261	1.41	1,455,568	37192	New York	2.9	6.9	94.1	28.8	62669	7.1	2.4	664.2	5.1	60.6	141649	New York	276	406.8	16	81795	449	0	0	0	43125	3.5	23.28	20.06	New York	27	S	124,867	499	31
North Carolina	South	SouthAtlantic	52,672	9,752,073	3.28	509,718	19438	North Carolina	3.7	6.7	95.1	28.1	43110	6.9	2.3	790.8	7	65.9	159289	North Carolina	357	353.4	10.1	33061	513	1	0	158	38387	4.9	48.72	67.44	North Carolina	13	R	31,822	243	17
North Dakota	Midwest	Northwestcentral	70,704	699,628	7.55	53,686	872	North Dakota	2.7	6.7	103.4	9.9	45909	2.6	3.6	697.3	6.8	66.3	129512	North Dakota	213	244.7	9.1	1864	103	0	0		26024	4	4.79	4.79	North Dakota	1	R	1,386	155	11
Ohio	Midwest	Northeastcentral	41,328	11,544,225	0.30	599,093	48695	Ohio	3.4	5.9	95.6	16.6	44244	7.2	2.2	822	7.7	65.3	164662	Ohio	440	299.7	11	30000	617	1	5	142	29755	4.3	65.45	37.97	Ohio	16	R	29,613	199	13
Oklahoma	South	southwestcentral	69,903	3,814,820	2.64	179,835	10981	Oklahoma	5.2	6.9	98.2	24.5	41633	5.4	2.2	910.1	7.6	67.8	169358	Oklahoma	648	469.3	10.3	11978	337	1	2	63	16083	5.7	42.81	58.07	Oklahoma	5	R	6,478	118	9
Oregon	West	Pacific	97,052	3,899,353	2.58	228,120	13677	Oregon	3.8	6.6	98.1	11.7	44258	7	2.8	724.1	4.9	61.1	184619	Oregon	378	247.6	11.1	10057	213	1	0	36	48300	2.4	14.57	17.55	Oregon	5	D	10,610	216	14
Pennsylvania	Northeast	Midatlantic	45,310	12,763,536	0.56	684,313	27563	Pennsylvania	2.8	5.3	95.4	16.5	48397	6.9	2.5	776.1	7.3	65	175142	Pennsylvania	398	348.7	1.2	31245	966	1	0	207	42574	5.4	54.69	39.44	Pennsylvania	18	R	38,807	260	16
Rhode Island	Northeast	NewEngland	1,213	1,050,292	-0.11	56,323	3547	Rhode Island	3.2	6	93.8	14.1	46716	9.1	3	707.6	7.1	62.9	189642	Rhode Island	190	252.4	14.9	3091	48	0	0		54220	3.2	12.71	17.86	Rhode Island	2	D	4,502	374	21
South Carolina	South	SouthAtlantic	31,117	4,723,723	3.23	199,256	7618	South Carolina	3.2	7.2	94.7	31.6	39286	6.6	2.6	839.9	7.4	66.1	195393	South Carolina	458	558.8	10.6	15689	384	1	1	52	21205	6.9	52.93	127.88	South Carolina	7	R	7,187	114	8
South Dakota	Midwest	Northwestcentral	77,122	833,354	3.77	45,415	1366	South Dakota	3.3	7.5	100.8	13.8	36534	3.6	3.1	720.4	6.9	66	134865	South Dakota	434	321.8	6	2833	138	1	0	4	26985	3	4.91	20.6	South Dakota	1	R	848	70	6
Tennessee	South	southeastcentral	42,146	6,456,243	2.36	310,276	42910	Tennessee	4.3	9	95.2	20.7	43961	7.8	2.3	879.1	7.9	65.3	160608	Tennessee	438	643.6	6.7	25784	453	1	0	87	34748	6	72.88	137.58	Tennessee	9	R	18,253	213	15
Texas	South	southwestcentral	266,874	26,059,203	5.18	1,639,375	42780	Texas	3.2	7.1	98.8	19.4	50579	6	2.6	751.6	6.1	65.1	152102	Texas	601	408.6	9	89839	1023	1	13	301	18531	4.4	50.21	58.28	Texas	36	R	81,366	201	4
Utah	West	Mountain	84,905	2,855,287	4.96	148,225	14939	Utah	3.7	8.6	101.2	8.2	41301	4.1	1.6	699	4.9	57.8	205024	Utah	242	205.8	10.6	6965	135	1	0	8	49095	1.8	10.98	21.32	Utah	4	R	3,911	70	7
Vermont	Northeast	NewEngland	9,615	626,011	0.14	29,750	933	Vermont	3.6	8.3	97.3	4.6	40967	4.2	3.2	711	4.2	60.3	176545	Vermont	242	142.6	5.2	1503	68	0	0		47173	1.3	4.32	12.6	Vermont	1	D	1,493	236	12
Virginia	South	SouthAtlantic	40,598	8,185,867	3.24	480,876	26578	Virginia	3.8	6.8	96.6	28.9	51646	5.2	2.4	741.6	6.8	63.6	153603	Virginia	451	190.1	3.1	23443	280	1	1	9	24738	3.8	35.4	21.35	Virginia	11	R	28,698	269	18
Washington	West	Pacific	68,126	6,897,012	3.67	449,404	25730	Washington	4.1	6.1	99.6	18.4	51962	6.6	2.5	690.4	4.5	62.2	208822	Washington		295.6	4.1	14315	259	1	0	8	40449	3	20.72	28.44	Washington	10	S	24,297	269	5
West Virginia	South	SouthAtlantic	24,231	1,855,413	0.07	71,123	3765	West Virginia	5.2	7.2	97.4	6	39727	5.9	2.1	953.3	7.3	68.3	155711	West Virginia	378	316.3	12	4417	353	0	0		26162	3.9	16.08	52.04	West Virginia	3	D	1,983	92	6
Wisconsin	Midwest	Northeastcentral	56,145	5,726,398	0.98	300,699	23473	Wisconsin	2.9	5.3	98.6	11.8	41966	6.2	3.4	721.3	5.8	66.5	175778	Wisconsin	357	280.5	3.5	18968	393	0	0		42131	3	43.86	27.4	Wisconsin	8	R	8,229	114	7
Wyoming	West	Mountain	97,818	576,412	3.38	40,170	1241	Wyoming	4.8	7.8	104.3	6.9	44580	4.4	2.9	754.6	6.8	63.3	232046	Wyoming	379	201.4	5.2	1691	90	1	0	1	29517	2.4	385	2207	Wyoming	1	R	120		1

Answer 1

1) The univariate statistics for the variable childabuserate is:

Max	Min	Mean	Standard Deviation	Skewness
19.6	1.2	9.35306	4.346603178	0.1496929

From the above we can conclude that

i) The maximum value in the variable childabuserate is 19.6

ii) The minimum value in the variable childabuserate is 1.2

iii) On an average the childabuserate in any state is 9.35306

iv) The childabuserate is deviated from the mean by 4.3466

v) The skewness of the vaiable childabuserate is 0.1496 means the variable childabuserate is positively skewed

4)The univariate statistics for the variable marriagerate is

Max	Min	Mean	Standard Deviation	Skewness
36.9	4.8	7.612	4.641808233	5.5222059

From the above we can conclude that

i) The maximum value in the variable marriagerate is 36.9

ii) The minimum value in the variable marriagerate is 4.8

iii) On an average the marriagerate in any state is 7.612

iv) The marriagerate is deviated from the mean by 4.6418

v) The skewness of the vaiable marriagerate is 5.52220 means the variable marriagerate is positively skewed

The information of summary Statistics is as follow

i) Maximum: It returns the maximum value of the variable

ii) Minimum : It returns the minimum value of the variable

iii) Mean : It is one of the measure of central tendancy,It represents average value of the variable

iv) Standard Deviation: It is one of the measure of dispersion, it represents the deviation from the average value

v) Skewness: It is the property of data related to shape,it measures how the variale is departed from the symmetry.

There are two types of skewness

i) Positive skewness: maximum observations are concentrate on the left side.

ii) Negative skewness: maximum observations are concentrate on the right side.