Question

1) discuss what descriptive statistics should be used to describe the data?

2) discuss what types of inferential statistics normally used in educational research?

3) Another issue of qualitative research is its generalizability. Discuss how you are going to ensure that its generalizability is intact?

4) Explain whether we can do sampling for qualitative research. If we can do, explain how we could select the sampling for qualitative research.

5) Discuss how data should be collected to maintain its validity and reliability?

6) discuss what are the main differences between writing an academic paper and writing a popular article?

7) Discuss how could we select our sampling?

8) Discuss how to determine sample size

9) One of the main issues in qualitative research is its validity. Discuss how to ensure that the external and internal validity of qualitative research is defendable?

Answer 1

1) descriptive statistics generally summarises the measures of the sample. it helps us to reduce our data into manageable measures. The mostly used descriptive statistics are-

1)distribution of the sample:- that gives us a summary of the frequency of individual values from a variable.

2) central tendency:- MEAN, MEDIAN, and MODE, the 3 important summaries that how the center of the data is distributed. mean is the average of all samples, the median is the middle value and mode is the most frequently occurring value.

3) dispersion:- gives an idea of how the data is varying along with the central tendency.

1)standard deviation gives an idea of how the data is varying along with the mean.

2) variance-. square of standard deviation

3)range- highest value- the lowest value

The dispersion is crucial as it gives us the idea of outliers.

2) inferential statistics uses a random sample data and its descriptive statistics to make inference on the targeted population.

correlation(different types), t-tests(different types), Mana Whitney, Wilcoxon rank tests, chi-square test(different types), ANOVA, regression, Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, Kruskal Wallis test.

These are the most commonly used types o inferential statistics used in education research.

3)Generalizability is making predictions based on past observation. to ensure our confidence in the process of generalization

1) is ensuring it is random sampling and not convenience sampling

2)the exercise performed should be repeated in varying settings ( for instance the sample's background or some different provider) and get close or same results.

4)yes we can.

the sampling technique for qualitative research are:

a purposeful sampling :Wherein a researcher begins with specific perspectives in mind that he or she wishes to examine and then seeks out research participants who cover that full range of perspectives.

snowball sampling: techniques to identify study participants. In this case, a researcher might know of one or two people she’d like to include in her study but then relies on the initial participants.

convenience sample, a researcher simply collects data from those people or other relevant elements to which he or she has the most convenient access. It is also often used by journalists who need quick and easy access to people from their population of interest.

5)

1)to maintain reliability(consistency of measurement) in our research:-

the questions of the questionnaire elicit the same information each time we use them under the same conditions, preferably after a suitable time interval *(so that it does not become too repetitive for the sample in some cases especially if we have humans as the sample)

Also using the technique of market segmentation.

2)to maintain validity (accuracy):

1)data can be collected face to face.

2)our questionnaire or content of question should be a thorough as to cover all aspects of our area of research of interest

3)to have external validity, i.e how generalized can our sample represent the target population we need to conduct exploratory qualitative research.

6) Writing an academic paper is intended as a presentation to in-depth research. It is well verified and often uses specialized vocab and extensive references. it has more of a scientific approach writing.it can also be used as a citation.Whereas a popular article is intended for general audiences readers. it can be entertainment, inform or persuade. it can be well researched too but lack complete citation to the source.it generally has an informal approach.

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AfrikaansAlbanianAmharicArabicArmenianAzerbaijaniBasqueBelarusianBengaliBosnianBulgarianCatalanCebuanoChichewaChinese (Simplified)Chinese (Traditional)CorsicanCroatianCzechDanishDutchEnglishEsperantoEstonianFilipinoFinnishFrenchFrisianGalicianGeorgianGermanGreekGujaratiHaitian CreoleHausaHawaiianHebrewHindiHmongHungarianIcelandicIgboIndonesianIrishItalianJapaneseJavaneseKannadaKazakhKhmerKoreanKurdishKyrgyzLaoLatinLatvianLithuanianLuxembourgishMacedonianMalagasyMalayMalayalamMalteseMaoriMarathiMongolianMyanmar (Burmese)NepaliNorwegianPashtoPersianPolishPortuguesePunjabiRomanianRussianSamoanScots GaelicSerbianSesothoShonaSindhiSinhalaSlovakSlovenianSomaliSpanishSundaneseSwahiliSwedishTajikTamilTeluguThaiTurkishUkrainianUrduUzbekVietnameseWelshXhosaYiddishYorubaZulu

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