Question

Provide three examples of an association between two variables where causal relationshop makes perfect sense concetptually but, since correlations do not imply causality, makes litte sense statistically until further examination.

Answer 1

Answer:

• The classic example of correlation not equaling causation can be found with ice cream and murder. That is, the rates of violent crime and murder have been known to jump when ice cream sales do. But, presumably, buying ice cream doesn't turn you into a killer.
• The homeless population and crime rate might be correlated, in that both tend to be high or low in the same locations. It is equally valid to say that the homeless population is correlated with the crime rate, or the crime rate is correlated with the homeless population. To say that crime causes homelessness, or homeless populations cause crime are different statements. And correlation does not imply that either is true.
• When investigating the cause of crime in New York City in the 80s, when they were trying to clean up the city, an academic found a strong correlation between the amount of serious crime committed and the amount of ice cream sold by street vendors! (Which is the cause and which is the effect?) Obviously, there was an unobserved variable causing both. Summers are when crime is the greatest and when the most ice cream is sold.

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