There is a ton of good chemistry in Scotch whiskey production. Cooked grains are added to water resulting in a "mash". Yeast is added to the mash and fermentation begins. Sugar in the grains is converted to alcohol. The level of the alcohol rises to about 10%. At this point, in order to increase the alcohol content, the crude product is distilled. My question relates to flavor. If the liquid contents are being distilled, how are flavor profiles carried over from the initial fermentation mixture? Comment on this issue in relation to the principles of distillation. Also, the distilled product is not 100% alcohol. Why?
In: Chemistry
2C2H4+O2 => 2C2H4O
Ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. The feed into the reactor contains 1700 g/min ethylene and 3700 moles/min air
a. What is the limiting reactant?
b. What is the extent of the reaction if only 81% of the limiting reactant is converted to the product?
c. What is the molar composition of the product stream?
Show all work or no points will be awarded.
In: Chemistry
Why is Fourier transform an excellent method for data collection in the IR range but not as useful for spectroscopy in the UV range? b) What form does the raw data take in FT methods, i.e. what is on the x and y axes? c) How is the raw data converted into the IR spectrum?
In: Chemistry
Identify the atoms that correspond to each of the following electron configurations. Then, write the Lewis symbol for the common ion formed from each atom: (a) 1s22s22p5 (b) 1s22s22p63s2 (c) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 (d) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4 (e) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1
In: Chemistry
Calculate the change in entropy of 144 g ice at -5 oC as it is heated to 0 oC , melted, heated to 100 oC, and then vaporized at that temperature. Suppose that the changes are brought by a heater that supplies energy at constant rate, and sketch a graph showing (a) the change in temperature of the system, (b) the enthalpy of the system, and (c) the entropy of the system as a function of time.
In: Chemistry
Part A: A saturated solution of magnesium fluoride , MgF2 , was prepared by dissolving solid MgF2 in water. The concentration of Mg2+ ion in the solution was found to be 1.18×10−3M . Calculate Ksp for MgF2 .
Part B: The value of Ksp for silver sulfate, Ag2SO4 , is 1.20×10−5 . Calculate the solubility of Ag2SO4 in grams per liter.
In: Chemistry
Propane is mixed with 20% excess air (propane air mixture is initially at 25 °C and 2.0 atm) and combusted at atmospheric pressure. It is assumed that the heat transfer between the chamber and the surroundings is negligible. In addition, you may assume that heat capacities of the gases are constant and that the reaction proceeds to 100% conversion. (30 points) a) Determine the flame temperature of the burner. b) Determine the flame temperature if 25% of the heat generated by combustion was lost through heat transfer to the surroundings? While doing the calculations you may assume that the heat capacities of the gases are constant. The heat capacities of the gases of interest are shown below. Gas Heat capacity Nitrogen 29.12 J/(mol*k) Oxygen 29.39 J/(mol*k) Propane 74.92 J/(mol*k) Carbon dioxide 37.14 J/(mol*k) Water 33.57 J/(mol*k)
In: Chemistry
1.How much water would be needed to completely dissolve 1.79 L of the gas at a pressure of 720 torrand a temperature of 21 ∘C? A gas has a Henry's law constant of 0.183 M/atm .
2.To what volume should you dilute 40.0 mL of a 4.45 M KI solution so that 23.5 mL of the diluted solution contains 3.15 g of KI?
3. The solvent for an organic reaction is prepared by mixing 70.0 mL of acetone (C3H6O) with 49.0 mLof ethyl acetate (C4H8O2). This mixture is stored at 25.0 ∘C. The vapor pressure and the densities for the two pure components at 25.0 ∘C are given in the following table. What is the vapor pressure of the stored mixture?
| Compound | Vapor pressure (mmHg) |
Density (g/mL) |
| acetone | 230.0 | 0.791 |
| ethyl acetate | 95.38 | 0.900 |
In: Chemistry
Suppose a 250.mL flask is filled with 2.0mol of O2 and 1.6mol of NO . The following reaction becomes possible: N2g+O2g =2NOg The equilibrium constant K for this reaction is 0.469 at the temperature of the flask. Calculate the equilibrium molarity of N2 . Round your answer to one decimal place.
In: Chemistry
Wrapping double-helical DNA around histone octamers condenses the DNA by a factor of 7. Higher order chromatin structures condense this DNA even further. During metaphase, the DNA is compacted by a factor of 1 × 104. How many centimeters would the naked double-helical DNA from a 50 Mb chromosome stretch? (Note: Assume the DNA remains in the B-form, which has a rise per base pair of 0.34 nm.)
A. 0.017cm
B. 0.17 cm
C. 0.68 cm
D. 1.7 cm
E. 6.8 cm
In: Chemistry
What are “hallmarks” of chemical reactions, that is,how can you observe that a chemical reaction has taken place?
In: Chemistry
The degree of unsaturation, or index of
hydrogen deficiency, is the number of pi bonds plus rings
in a molecule.
Specify the degree of unsaturation (index of hydrogen deficiency)
of the following formulas:
(a) C25H28
(b) C9H10O2
(c) C7H7NO4
(d) C13H14
(e) C3H5F
(f) C8H9NO2
In: Chemistry
Both cyclopentadiene and cyclopentadienyl nion have same valence electrons and same 5-membered Carbon ring structure. However, cyclopentadiene adopts "envelope" shape with C on right tilted out of the plane of 4 Carbon atoms. The anion adopts flat structure. Further, the anion is far more stable chemically than cyclopentadiene. Speculate why this is so. Answer should consider both hybridization and resonance.
In: Chemistry
Mining companies use this reaction to obtain iron from iron ore : Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) = 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g). The reaction of 167g Fe2O3 with 84.7g CO produces 76.5g Fe. Determine the theoretical yield. Determine the percent yield.
In: Chemistry
Calculate the pH and [S2− ] in a 0.13 M H2S solution. Assume Ka1 = 1.0 ✕ 10−7; Ka2 = 1.0 ✕ 10−19.
In: Chemistry