Increased gaseous CO2 concentrations are leading to decrease pH of ocean water which in turn causes harm to shellfish populations. Write all the appropriate equilibria (solubility and acid ionization) relevant to these phenomena. In complete sentences briefly, explain the phenomena using Le Chatliers Principle.

1. A sludge containing 4% solid (by weight) needs to be thickened by centrifugation to ≥15% solid for disposal. The centrifuge has a high constant speed and produces a dewatered sludge containing 20% solid. To increase the processing capacity while still meeting the disposal requirement, you decide to bypass (i.e., not dewater) some of the feed sludge and blend the untreated sludge with the dewatered (20% solid) sludge, so as to produce a final sludge with a 15% solid content. Assume all sludge streams have the density of water.

(a) Give the centrate production rate (in L/min) and the percent solid (of the total coming in) discharged via the centrate?

(b) What % of the feed sludge is bypassed (i.e., not centrifuged)?

2. Eutrophication is a natural aging process all lakes undergo as nutrients and organic matter accumulate from their drainage basins. Over time the accumulated nutrients enable increased aquatic growth and stimulate biological activities. The increase in phytoplankton causes the lake to become murky, while decaying organic matter depletes the available dissolved O2. Further accumulation of silt, nutrients, and organic matter causes the eutrophic ("well-fed") lake to become shallower and warmer with more plants growing in the shallow edges. This process transforms lakes into bogs and marshes over time. Natural eutrophication is usually quite slow, often measured in thousands of years before major changes occur. What human activity has done is rapidly accelerate this process (called "cultural eutrophication") by introducing large quantities of nutrients. Sources of nutrients include municipal wastewater, industrial wastes, and runoff from fertilized agricultural land. The introduction of superfluous nutrients disturbs the natural balance of the system, causing excessive algae growth and water quality deterioration. Algal blooms are the unsightly and often malodorous clumps of rotting debris along the shoreline and thick mats of dead organic matter in the lake. A nutrient of major importance that enter fresh water bodies such as lakes from the aforementioned sources is phosphorous. C = 20% C = 15% Q = 100 L/min C = 4% bypass centrifuge C = 0.1% ("centrate") 2 Consider a phosphorus-limited lake with a surface area equal to 8 x 107 m 2 that is being fed by a stream with a flow rate of 15 m3 /s and a phosphorus concentration of 0.01 mg/L. An outfall from a wastewater treatment plant also adds 1 g/s of phosphorus to the lake, but its volumetric flow rate is small and can be ignored. The outflow rate from the lake is the same as the inflow (15 m3 /s). Because phosphorus can attach to suspended particles in lake water, the phosphorus in the lake can also be removed through particle settling (to sediment), which occurs at a rate of 10 m/yr. For the questions below, assume the lake is a cylindrical CSTR.

(a) Draw a diagram to represent the processes involved in phosphorus mass balance. List all sources and sinks. Estimate the steady-state phosphorus concentration in the lake.

(b) An acceptable level of phosphorus in the lake is 0.01 mg/L, above which eutrophication is considered likely. By what percent must the wastewater treatment plant reduce its phosphorous discharge into the lake to achieve this concentration?

3. A textile finishing process involves drying fabric that has been treated with a volatile solvent. The drying process involves evaporation of solvent and removal of solvent vapor by air. The wet fabric entering the dryer contains 50% solvent by weight. Air enters the dryer at a rate of 8 kg per kg of solvent-free fabric. The drying process is 92% efficient; i.e., 92% of entering solvent is removed from fabric and carried out by air. What is the weight % of solvent in the dried fabric? What is the mole % of solvent vapor in the exhaust? The molecular weight of the solvent is 46 g/mol.(Note: Dried fabric still contains some solvent; i.e., dried fabric is not solvent-free).

4. A process heater burns 4.8 kg of natural gas per minute, and the air supply rate is 20% higher than the stoichiometric rate. Exhaust from the heater is sent to a heat exchanger, where water vapor is condensed and removed from the exhaust. Assume natural gas is all methane (CH4), air contains 21% O2 and 79% N2, and the combustion of CH4 is complete, what is the mole % of CO2 in the cooled exhaust?

Calculate the pH of a 0.449 M aqueous solution of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (HC₉H₇O₄, K_a = 3.0×10^-4) and the equilibrium concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base.

1.) Please show all work

a.) Draw the reaction for imidazole, a weak base, ionizing water. You might need to look up the structure of imidazole and be careful about where you protonate or deprotonate it. Label all acids and bases and conjugate pairs.

b.) Find the pH of a strong base solution: 250 mM Mg(OH)2

c.) Find the pH of a weak base solution: 250 mM NH3 (Kb = 1.75 × 10–5)

For each of the following balanced chemical equations, calculate how many moles of product(s) would be produced if 0.640 mol of the first reactant were to react completely.

(a) BaCl₂(aq) + 2 AgNO₃(aq) → 2 AgCl(s) + Ba(NO₃)₂(aq)

(b) S(s) + 2 H₂SO₄(aq) → 3 SO₂(g) + 2 H₂O(l)

(c) C₃H₈(g) + 5 O₂(g) → 4 H₂O(l) + 3 CO₂(g)

(d) BaCl₂(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) → BaSO₄(s) + 2 HCl(aq)

Consider the titration of 100.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH with 1.00 M HBr. Find the pH at the following volumes of acid added.

Make a graph of pH versus V_a = 0, 1.0, 5.0, 9.0, 9.9, 10.0, 10.1, and 12.0 mL.

When 200. mL of 0.40 M hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with 3.76 g of aluminum metal, how many moles of hydrogen gas would be produced?

6HCl(aq) + 2Al(s) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

1. Calculate the freezing point of a solution that is made from 34.9 g of a nonelectrolyte (ℳ = 172.2979 g/mol) dissolved in 159.9 g of solvent. The solvent freezes at 4.20 °C and its K_fvalue is 3.50 °C/m.

2.The solubility of carbon monoxide gas at 30.4 °C and a carbon monoxide pressure of 449 mmHg is 2.02 × 10⁻³ g/L. What is the Henry's Law constant in mol⋅L⁻¹⋅atm⁻¹?

Report your answer to THREE significant figures.

A wastewater containing 150 mg/l chlorobenzene is treated in a laboratory adsorption unit using a PVC column, 1.0 inch internal diameter, to an effluent concentration of 15 mg/l . Service times, and throughput volumes at specified depths and flowrates associated with a breakthrough concentration of 15.0 mg/l are given in table 1.

table1 : result of adsorption column experiment

Loading rate,gpm/ft²   Bed depth,ft Throughput volume, gal Time, hr

1) is the attainable effluent concentration satisfactory from a regulatory standpoint?

2) determine the Bohart-Adams constant ( K,N₀ and x₀) for each hydraulic loading.

3)base on data derived above design an adsorption column 2.0 ft internal diameter to treat a wastewater flow 5,000 gal/d containing 150 mg/l of CB. The attainable effluent concentration is 15 mg/l and it is desired to operate the column for 90 days(8 hourslday,7 days/week) before reching exhaustion.

4)calculate the yearly carbon requirements in cubic feet.

A concentrated solution of H2SO4 has a molarity of 15.5 M, and a density of 1.760 g/ml

A. How many grams of H2SO4 are in a liter of the solution?

B. What is the total mass of a liter of the solution?

C. How many grams of water are in a liter of the solution?

D. What is the mole fraction of the H2SO4 in this mix?

E. What is the molality of the H2SO4?

A 0.20 M solution of the weak acid HA is 5.5 % ionized HA + H2O --> H3O+ + A-

a.Calculate the [H3O+]

b.Calculate the [A- ]

c.Calculate the [HA] at equilibrium

d.Calculate the Ka for the acid

e.Calculate the pH of the solution

An IR spectra can be divided into three major regions for interpretation. Provide a range for these three regions and what functional groups and associated peaks value you would expect to see in each region.

How do I draw the molecular geometry (Including polarity) for NaOH, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 and Ba(OH)2?

Calculate the volume of nitrogen dioxide produced at 746.0 torr and 20.8°C by the reaction of 6.05 cm³ copper (density = 8.95 g/cm³) with 212.4 mL of concentrated nitric acid if the acid has a density of 1.42 g/cm³ and contains 68.0% HNO₃ by mass).
Cu(s) + 4HNO₃(aq) → Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)

3.11 g of toluene (C7H8) is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The following reaction occurs. C7H8(l) + 9 O2(g) → 7 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) The temperature of the calorimeter changes from 24.2°C to 40.1°C. Given that the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 8.32 kJ/°C, find the amount of heat generated per mole of toluene.

___ kJ/mol toluene