Predict the standard cell potential and calculate the standard reaction Gibbs free energy for galvanic cells having the following cell reactions:

a) 3 Zn(s) +2Bi^3+(aq)--> 3 Zn^2+(aq) + 2Bi(s)

b) 2 H2(g) + O2(g)--> 2 H2O(l) in acidic solution

c)2 H2(g) +O2(g)--> 2 H2O(l) in basic solution

d) 3 Au+(aq) --> 2 Au(s) + Au^3+ (aq)

Achiral compound X has the formula C₈H₁₇Br. Y, C₈H₁₇Cl, is chiral.
X undergoes base-promoted E2 elimination to give a single alkene product Z. Under similar conditions Y produces a mixture of alkenes, including Z.
Catalytic hydrogenation of Z affords 2-methylheptane. Propose structures for X and Y.

1. Which of the following is a fission reaction?

a. ²³⁵U        +     ¹n     ➝     ¹³⁹Ba     +     ⁹⁴Kr      +    3 ¹n

b. ²H       +        ³H      ➝        ⁴He      +        ¹n

c. ²⁰⁹Bi       +       ⁵⁸Fe ➝        ²⁶⁶Mt     +     ¹n

d. ²³⁸U       +      ¹n       ➝        ²³⁹U

e. ¹p        +         e^-1     ➝          ¹n

2. Which of the following is a fusion reaction?

a. ²³⁵U      +     ¹n         ➝     ¹³⁹Ba     +     ⁹⁴Kr      +    3 ¹n

b. ²H       +        ³H      ➝        ⁴He      +        ¹n

c. ¹⁴C                           ➝        ¹⁴N      +          e^-1   

d. ²³⁸U     +      ¹n        ➝        ²³⁹U

e. ¹p         +         e^-1    ➝          ¹n

3. Which of the following atoms are radioactive?

I. Hg-200                   II. S-32           III. Ca-45

IV. C-14                      V. At-210

a. II, III, and IV

b. I and II

c. I, II, and III

d. IV and V

e. III, IV and V

4. Fact: ⁴⁰Sc is unstable and radioactive. Is its n/p ratio too high or too low? In that case, which process could lead to stability?

5. Very large nuclei tend to be unstable because of the:

6. Fact: ²⁴Na is unstable and radioactive. Is its n/p ratio too high or too low? In that case, which process could lead to stability?

a. Its n/p ratio is too high. It could attain stability by positron emission.

b. Its n/p ratio is too high. It could attain stability by electron capture or positron emission.

c. Its n/p ratio is too high. It could attain stability by beta emission.

d. Its n/p ratio is too low. It could attain stability by electron capture only.

e. Its n/p ratio is too low. It could attain stability by beta emission.

7. What is the mass of an alpha particle?

a. 4 amu

b. 3 amu

c. 2 amu

d. 1 amu

e. 0 amu

8. For most common types of radioactive decay, the order of least penetrating to most penetrating for human tissue is:

a. beta, gamma, alpha

b. gamma, alpha, beta

c. alpha, beta, gamma

d. gamma, alpha, beta

e. gamma, beta, alpha

9. The following reaction is an example of __________.

    ⁴¹Ca    →    ⁴¹K   + unknown particle

The unknown particle is _______________.

10. Complete the equation by writing the symbol of the missing particle.

²¹¹Pb   ➝ _-1b + unknown particle

14. Plutonium-242 is radioactive and unstable. Which reaction correctly represents the decay of this isotope?

a. ²⁴²Pu ➝   ¹n + ²³⁸U

b. ²⁴²Pu +    ⁴He   ➝     ²⁴⁶Cm

c. ²⁴²Pu ➝   ⁴He     + ²³⁸U

d. ²⁴²Pu ➝ ⁴He     + ²³⁶U

e. ²⁴²Pu +    _-1b   ➝     ²⁴²Np

17. Praseodymium-135 is produced by positron emission from what isotope?

a. Pr-136

b. Nd-135

c. Praseodymium-135 is stable.

d. Ce-135

e. Pr-134

A solution is made by dissolving 0.543 mol of nonelectrolyte solute in 817 g of benzene. Calculate the freezing point, Tf, and boiling point, Tb, of the solution. Constants may be found here.

For the reaction

Ti(s)+2F2(g)→TiF4(s)

compute the theoretical yield of the product (in grams) for each of the following initial amounts of reactants.

A) 4.0 g Ti, 4.0 g F2

B) 2.2 g Ti, 1.7 g F2

C) 0.240 g Ti, 0.278 g F2

4. Omit the questions on p. 10-3 of the 262 lab manual. Answer the following questions instead.
a) A research paper describes that a photochemical reaction takes place in a quartz vessel but not in a Pyrex vessel. Rationalize this observation.
b) Why does the benzopinacol precipitate from the reaction mixture even though it is a diol?
c) What is the purpose of washing with 95% ethanol?
d) The acid-catalyzed rearrangement of benzopinacol to benzopinacolone is irreversible. Explain.

A saturated, aqueous solution of a salt having the formula, AX₃, is prepared. The equilibrium that is established is: AX₃(s) <------> A³⁺(aq)+3X^-(aq). At equilibrium, the concentration of X^- is found to be 2.74x10^-7 M.

What is the solubility product constant, K_sp, for AX₃?

What is the solubility of this compound in a solution that is 1.529x10^-2 M NaX (assume that NaX is a completely soluble compound).

What is the theory behind GC and IR analysis?

4. A pharmaceutical company plans to use a liquid-liquid extraction to purify a drug that is a weak monoprotic base. The chemical has a pKb = 9.52 at 25oC. The KD for the neutral form of this chemical is 210 when using water and chloroform at 25oC.

a. What fraction of this drug will be extracted from a 15.0 mL aqueous sample into 10.0 mL of chloroform at pH = 9.00 and 25oC?

b. What fraction of this drug will be back extracted at 25oC from the 10.0 mL of chloroform and into a fresh 50.0 mL portion of water that is buffered at pH = 2.00?

c. What overall fraction of the drug will be isolated from the original sample and placed into the final 50.0 mL portion of water under these conditions?

Interpret the major absorption bands in the infrared spectrum of benzil.

Calculate the pCo2+ after 13.00 mL of 0.03846 M EDTA in the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.020 M Co2+ (Kf = 2.04 x 1016) at pH = 6.00.

In paper chromotography, what form are the metals ( Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ , Fe3+, and Ni2+) ions likely to exist in the moving phase (water/hydrochloric acid/acetone) and what groups in the structure of the stationary phase (cellulose) are interacting with the moving ions in solution?

Note: Filter paper (Whatman #1) serves as the stationary phase, and the mobile phase consists of a mixture of acetone and 6 M hydrochloric acid. A single spot of the mixture to be analyzed is applied near one edge of a sheet of filter paper. A spot of solution containing each of the cations that might be in the unknown mixture is also placed near the edge of the same sheet for comparison. The treated strip is then placed in a covered jar or beaker (which acts as a developing chamber) containing a shallow layer of the solvent mixture (see Figure 3). Since filter paper is very permeable to the solvent, the solvent begins to rise up the strip by capillary action. The various spots on the developed chromatogram will be highlighted by treatment with several chemical reagents to enhance their color. The reagents to be used are ammonia, dimethylglyoxime (DMG), and 8–hydroxyquinoline (oxine).

Calculate the percent ionization of formic acid (HCO2H) in a solution that is 0.139 M in formic acid. The Ka of formic acid is 1.77