Engineering economics is the
application of science. It established varied application systems
based on different scientific principles. Efficient and effective
functioning of the organization would certainly help it to provide
goods/services at a lower cost which in turn will enable to fix a
lower price for its goods or services.
Definition:
Engineering economics deals
with the method that enable on to take economic decisions towards
minimizing costs and maximizing benefits to the business
organizations.
a)
Relevance of minimum cost
analysis:
- Costs as well as revenues
are considered, for each alternative, for an analysis period that
is either a fixed number of years or the estimated life of the
project. The salvage value is often forgotten, but is important,
and is either the net cost or revenue for decommissioning the
project.
- Cost–benefit analysis,
sometimes also called benefit–cost analysis, is a systematic
approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives
used to determine options which provide the best approach to
achieving benefits while preserving savings.
-
We will assume a clearing crew of 20 men is clearing
road right-of-way and the following facts are
available:
1. Men are paid at the rate of $0.40 per hour.
2. Time is measured from the time of leaving camp to the time of
return.
3. Total walking time per man is increasing at the rate of 15
minutes per day.
4. The cost to move the camp is $50.
b)
Strong
argument for applying minimum cost analysis to the design of a
product in a plant:
- Plant is a best alternative to minimum cost analysis
.
- Fixed capital
- Manufacturing (direct)
- Nonmanufacturing (indirect)
- Working capital Product Costs
- Manufacturing costs
- Variable costs
- Fixed costs
- Overhead costs
- General expenses
- Administrative expenses
- Distribution & Marketing costs
Benefit
from the minimum cost analysis:
- Discount costs and benefits to obtain present values.
This means converting future costs and benefits into present value.
This is also known as the social discount rate, or the rate at
which society makes tradeoffs over time. Every agency tends to have
a different discount rate. It generally ranges between
2-7%.
- Set the framework for the analysis. Specify the program
or policy change and the current status quo, or the state of the
world before implementation compared to after.
- Decide whose costs benefits should be recognized. You
need to determine the geographic scope of the analysis in order to
limit the groups impacted by the policy.
- Project costs and benefits over the life of the
program. Assess how costs and benefits will change each year. It is
important to do this even before you begin to place numbers on
things.
- Compute net present values. This is done by subtracting
costs from benefits. The policy is considered efficient if a
positive result is produced; however, it is important to think
about the policy’s feasibility and social justice.
- Monetize costs. Make sure to place all costs in the
same unit.
- Identity and categorize costs and benefits. It is
important to label costs and benefits as direct (intended
costs/benefits)/indirect (unintended costs/benefits), tangible
(easy to measure and quantify)/intangible (hard to identify and
measure), and real (anything that contributes to the bottom line
net-benefits)/transfer (money changing hands) in order to ensure
that you understand the effects of each cost and
benefit.
- Monetize benefits. Make sure to place all benefits in
the same unit.
- Make a recommendation. Assess all results and account
for other qualitative considerations.
- Perform sensitivity analysis. This step allows you to
check the accuracy of your estimates and assumptions. This is
normally done by altering the social discount rate utilized, by
increasing it and decreasing it. If you still get a positive number
during this step, then the policy should be accepted. If you get a
negative number during this step, then you should calculate where
the balancing point is zero.