Question

demonstrate an understanding of the underlying geologic principles for the question, explaining it and second, how this bit of geology affects you in concrete, specific ways.

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What are minerals, what are their important physical properties, how are they formed (in general) where are they found in nature (in general with any examples that you have researched). Why are they important and how are they used in society with concrete, specific examples of at least 3 minerals and the many ways each mineral is used.

Answer 1

What are Minerals ?

Solid substances which are found in nature that are made up of either single element or in combination of chemical compounds. They are characterized by their presence in nature and most of them being solid with well based molecular structures

Properties of Minerals

Minerals have several characteristic properties which distinguish each mineral from the other. The properties not only enable us to identify the minerals and also these properties are utilized in various processing / manufacturing processes. The physical properties are

1. Hardness
2. Lustre
3. Color
4. Streaks
5. Magnetism
6. Solubility
7. Crystalline form
8. Tenacity
9. Density or Specific Gravity

Formation of Minerals

The minerals are formed in multiple processes. But of them 3 specific ways are the major ones. The are

• When hot molten lava from the earth's interior comes out and starts cooling off on the surface of the earth, then they crystallize and form minerals. This is the crystallization process
• Some minerals are however formed without the application of any heat by the simple process of re-crystallization  from other minerals after metamorphosis.
• In some instances elements dissolved in water form minerals when the water evaporates leaving behind the mineral precipitate

Where are minerals found in Nature

Minerals are usually found in rocks and in ores in the crust of the earth. They are found in various levels of concentration most of the times in combination. Using various geological processes, geologists identify their locations and extract them using mining techniques based on the techno-commercial viability of the same.

For example

Zinc is found in the earth's crust only along with other minerals and also in ocean water

Calcium mineral can be found in rocks such as lime stones , gypsum

The volcanic eruption form lamproite and kimberlite pipes after cooling and crystallization and diamonds are extracted from these

How are minerals used in Society

Minerals form the foundation of the modern society. They are used to develop minerals and metals that are utilized in all aspects of life.

1) The mineral copper is used in electrical appliances, pipes, metal alloys , conductors, heat transfer equipment. Copper is used in these applications because of their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity

2) Iron ore is used to produce iron which in turn is used for developing steel of various types on which all constructions are based. Iron is also used in manufacturing. Iron finds these applications due to primarily its load bearing capability, tensile strength and durability.

3) Gypsum , another type of mineral is utilized in the manufacture of Plaster of Paris, cement and gypsum boards. It is highly receptive to water and has additive qualities for which it finds applications